Prefrontal Cortex: Roles, Interventions and Traumas

✍ Scribed by Lorenzo LoGrasso, Giovanni Morretti

• Publisher: Nova Science
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 309
• Series: Neuroanatomy Research at the Leading Edge Series
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Intellectual disabilities have been related to the dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is located on the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviours, personality expression, and moderating correct social behaviour. This book presents a review of present day evidence of the reduction of the prefrontal cortex; links between abnormalities and functional or clinical features of intellectual disabilities such as schizophrenia. The book presents the latest research from around the world in this field.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Neuroanatomy Research at the Leading Edge Series
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Prefrontal Morphology, Neurobiology and Clinical Manifestations of Schizophrenia
Department of Psychiatry,
Masaryk University and Faculty Hospital Brno
Jihlavska 20, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
Abstract
A. Introduction
B. Neuropathological Findings in the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia
Pattern of Neupathological Neocortical Changes
Changes of Cortical Microcircuitry in Schizophrenia
Regional Specificity of the Changes Seen in Prefrontal Cortex
C. Etiology
Neurodevelopment
Apoptosis
Genetics of Cortical Microcircuits
Environment
D. Brain Imaging Methods in Schizophrenia
Methods: Pros and Cons
The Pattern of Morphological Changes
ROI-Based Approaches
VBM Approaches
Dynamics of the Changes
E. Clinical Correlates of Prefrontal Morphological Changes
Cognitive Functions
Symptomathology
Treatment
F: Specificity of the Morphological Changes
High-Risk Subjects
Relatives
Schizotypal Disorder
Bipolar Affective Disorder
Substance Abuse
Neurotic and Stress Related Disorders
Histopathological Correlates of Similar Findings
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Prefrontal Cholinergic Receptors: Their Role in the Pathology of Schizophrenia
Rebecca L Cooper Research Laboratories,
Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria,
Parkville, VIC, Australia
Abstract
Introduction
Cognitive Impairment
Neuroimaging Studies, Cognition and Schizophrenia
The Cholinergic System in Schizophrenia
Muscarinic Receptors in Schizophrenia
Nicotinic Receptors in Schizophrenia
Conclusion
References
The Interrelationship between Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Prefrontal Cortex: From Physiology to Therapy
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
1. The Prefrontal Cortex: Brief Overview
2. Dopamine in the Prefrontal Cortex:
Innervation and Functions
3. Dopamine Receptors in the Prefrontal Cortex
4. Noradrenergic Innervation and
Function in the PFC
5. Dopamine Noradrenaline Interactions the PFC
6. Genetic Variation and Dopamine and Noradrenaline Functioning in the Prefrontal Cortex
7. Prefrontal Cortex Dopamine and Noradrenaline Transmission in Adolescence
8. Amphetamine and Catecholamine Transmission in the Prefrontal Cortex
9. Reduced Effect of Psychostimulants on Catecholamine Transmission in Adolescence
10. Glucocorticoids, Psychostimulants and Catecholamine Transmission
11. Psychiatric Disorders and Catecholamine Transmission in the Prefrontal Cortex
11a. Schizophrenia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
11b. Depression
12. Modulation of Prefrontal Cortex Transmission in Animal Models of ADHD
13. Release and Reuptake of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Prefrontal Cortex
14 Is Dopamine Co-Released with Noradrenaline from Noradrenaline Neurons?
15. Considerations on the Evaluation of Neurotransmitter Function in Prefrontal Cortex
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Participation of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Processing of Sexual and Maternal Incentives
Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, México
Francisco de Quevedo 180, Col. Arcos-Vallarta
Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
Abstract
Introduction
The Rat Prefrontal Cortex, Subdivisions and Functions
The Motivated Behaviors
Male Rat Sexual Behavior
Female Rat Sexual Behavior
Maternal Behavior in the Rat
Neural and Hormonal Regulation of Sexual and Maternal Behaviors
In Which Brain Structures Is the Incentive Value of Sexual and Maternal Stimuli Processed?
Participation of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Processing of Incentive Stimuli with Sexual or Maternal Meaning
Functionality of the Prefrontal Cortex during the Processing of Incentive Stimuli: Electrophysiological Studies
A Brief Introduction to Electrophysiological Techniques
Prefrontal EEG Activity in Relation to Male Sexual Motivation
Prefrontal EEG Activity in Relation to Female Sexual Motivation
Prefrontal EEG Activity in Relation to Maternal Motivation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
From Conflict to Problem Solution: The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in the Learning of Memory-Guided and Context-Adequate Behavioral Strategies for Problem-Solving in Gerbils
Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology,
Brenneckestr. 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany
Abstract
Introduction
Animal Model
Transient increase of activity in cortical and prefrontal dopamine systems indicate the formation of relevant associations underlying a successful behavioral strategy
Differential Activation of the Dopamine System in Auditory Cortex in Trained, Pseudotrained, and Auditory Control Animals during Avoidance Conditioning
Selective Activation of the Prefrontal Dopamine System in the Stage of Strong Increase of Performance during Avoidance Conditioning
The Role of the Cortical Dopamine System in Cognition
Activation of Prefrontal Dopamine System during Behavioral Strategy Changes from Avoidance to Discrimination
Division of the Avoidance Strategy Formation into Discrete Learning Dependent Stages by Characteristic Changes of Cortical Theta Activity
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Emotional Decision-Making: The Neglected Role of Anxiety
Goethe University, Department of General Psychology II
Institute of Psychology and Sports Sciences
Mertonstr.17, 60054 Frankfurt/Main,
Germany
Abstract
Acknowledgment
References
PEEF: Premotor Ear-Eye Field. A New Vista of Area 8B
Department of Biomedical Sciences,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia,
Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy
Abstract
I. Introduction
II. Anatomical Background
Cytoarchitecture
Neuroanatomy
III. Lesions Studies
IV. Neurophysiology
Conclusion
Considerations
A) Auditory Environmental Neurons
B) Auditory-Motor Neurons
C) Attentional Processes
Why “PEEF”?
References
Prefrontal Cortex: Its Roles in Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease Revealed by PET
aNeurobiology Research Centre, School of Health Sciences,
University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
bDepartment of Neurology, the Third Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University,
600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R.China
cDepartment of Radiology and Biostatistics, University of California,
San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
dDepartments of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine,
National University of Singapore 117597, Singapore
References
Noradrenergic Actions in Prefrontal Cortex: Relevance to AD/HD
Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Abstract
Lay Abstract
Introduction
Prefrontal Cortical Cognitive Dysfunction in AD/HD
The Cellular Basis of PFC Cognitive Function
PFC Dysfunction in AD/HD
NE’s Important Roles in Arousal and Attention
Noradrenergic Modulationof PFC Cognitive Function
NE Influences on Posterior Cortical Functions
NE Influences on Subcortical Functions
NE and the Orchestration of Brain Response
The Role of NE in Medications that Treat AD/HD
Acknowledgments
References
Prefrontal Cortex: Brodmann and Cajal Revisited
1Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience,
Sunshine Coast, Qld 4562, Australia
2Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience
CH-1008 Lausanne, Switzerland
Abstract
Introduction
Brodmann on Prefrontal Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
Modern Imaging Studies
Why the Confusion?
A Glimpse of Circuit Specialisations in Prefrontal Cortex
Cajal’s Psychic Cell
Conclusion
References
Developmental Characteristics in Category Generation Reflects Differential Prefrontal Cortex Maturation
Abstract
Introduction
Frontal Lobes and Categorization
Method
Results
Discussion
References
Index