Practical research: planning and design

✍ Scribed by Leedy, Paul D;Ormrod, Jeanne Ellis

• Publisher: Pearson
• Year: 2015;2016
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 408
• Edition: Eleventh edition
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Note: This is the bound book only and does not include access to the Enhanced Pearson eText. To order the Enhanced Pearson eText packaged with a bound book, use ISBN0134013506.Engaging and cross-disciplinary,Practical Research: Planning and Designis a do-it-yourself, understand-it-yourself manual for planning and conducting research. Suitable for a wide variety of courses in basic research methodology, the text guides the reader, step-by-step, from the selection of a problem, through the process of conducting authentic research, to the preparation of a completed report, with practical suggestions throughout. The authors emphasize the idea that quality research demands planning and design, and they provide what is needed for readers to be able to execute their own research projects effectively and professionally.Improve mastery and retention with the Enhanced Pearson eText
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✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 7
What Research Is Not......Page 20
What Research Is......Page 21
Philosophical Assumptions Underlying Research Methodologies......Page 26
Tools of Research......Page 27
Measurement......Page 28
Language......Page 30
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Communicating Effectively Through Writing......Page 32
USING TECHNOLOGY Guidelines: Using the Tools in Word Processing Software......Page 34
The Human Mind......Page 36
Reflections on Noteworthy Research......Page 41
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Identifying Important Tools in Your Discipline......Page 43
For Further Reading......Page 44
Finding Research Projects......Page 46
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Identifying and Describing the Research Problem......Page 48
Subproblems Versus Pseudo-Subproblems......Page 55
Identifying Subproblems......Page 56
Stating Hypotheses......Page 58
Identifying the Variables Under Investigation......Page 59
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Identifying Independent, Dependent, Mediating, and Moderating Variables......Page 61
Defining Terms......Page 62
Identifying Delimitations and Limitations......Page 63
Writing the First Chapter or Section of a Research Proposal......Page 64
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Writing the First Section of a Proposal......Page 65
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Reappraising a Proposed Research Problem......Page 67
For Further Reading......Page 68
Answers to the Conceptual Analysis Exercise "Identifying Independent, Dependent, Mediating, and Moderating Variables”......Page 69
Understanding the Role of the Literature Review......Page 71
Using the Library Catalog......Page 72
USING TECHNOLOGY: Using Online Databases......Page 75
Consulting with Reference Librarians......Page 77
USING TECHNOLOGY: Surfing the Internet......Page 78
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning a Literature Search......Page 79
USING TECHNOLOGY: Guidelines: Using Your Library Time Efficiently......Page 81
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Evaluating the Research of Others......Page 84
Knowing When to Quit......Page 85
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Writing the Literature Review......Page 86
A Sample Literature Review......Page 89
For Further Reading......Page 92
Chapter 4 Planning Your Research Project......Page 93
Research Planning Versus Research Methodology......Page 94
Primary Data Versus Secondary Data......Page 95
Planning for Data Collection......Page 96
Linking Data and Research Methodology......Page 98
Comparing Quantitative and Qualitative Methodologies......Page 99
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Choosing a General Research Approach......Page 101
Internal Validity......Page 104
External Validity......Page 106
Identifying Measurement Strategies......Page 107
Defining Measurement......Page 108
Measuring Insubstantial Phenomena: An Example......Page 109
Types of Measurement Scales......Page 111
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Identifying Scales of Measurement......Page 114
Validity and Reliability in Measurement......Page 115
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Identifying Problems with Validity and Reliability in Measurement......Page 119
Protection from Harm......Page 121
Voluntary and Informed Participation......Page 122
Honesty with Professional Colleagues......Page 124
Professional Codes of Ethics......Page 125
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning an Ethical Research Study......Page 126
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Judging the Feasibility of a Research Project......Page 127
USING TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Developing a Plan of Attack......Page 129
Keeping an Optimistic and Task-Oriented Outlook......Page 131
For Further Reading......Page 132
Answers to the Conceptual Analysis Exercise "Identifying Scales of Measurement”......Page 133
Answers to the Conceptual Analysis Exercise "Identifying Problems with Validity and Reliability in Measurement”......Page 134
Chapter 5 Writing the Research Proposal......Page 135
A Proposal Is a Straightforward Document......Page 136
Organizing and Writing a Research Proposal......Page 137
Formatting Headings and Subheadings......Page 138
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Writing Your Proposal......Page 139
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Strengthening Your Proposal......Page 148
Final Thoughts About Proposal Writing......Page 149
A Sample Research Proposal......Page 150
For Further Reading......Page 154
Observation Studies......Page 155
Correlational Research......Page 156
Developmental Designs......Page 158
Survey Research......Page 160
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Using Checklists, Rating Scales, and Rubrics......Page 162
USING TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Computerizing Observations......Page 165
USING TECHNOLOGY Guidelines: Conducting Interviews in a Quantitative Study......Page 166
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Constructing and Administering a Questionnaire......Page 167
USING TECHNOLOGY Guidelines: Using Technology to Facilitate Questionnaire Administration and Data Analysis......Page 171
USING TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Using the Internet to Collect Data for a Descriptive Study......Page 176
Choosing a Sample in a Descriptive Study......Page 177
Sampling Designs......Page 178
Sampling in Surveys of Very Large Populations......Page 184
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Identifying a Sufficient Sample Size......Page 185
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Analyzing the Population in a Descriptive Study......Page 186
Sampling Bias......Page 187
Instrumentation Bias......Page 188
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Acknowledging the Probable Presence of Bias in Descriptive Research......Page 189
Interpreting Data in Descriptive Research......Page 191
A Sample Dissertation......Page 192
For Further Reading......Page 196
Chapter 7 Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Ex Post Facto Designs......Page 197
The Importance of Control......Page 198
Controlling for Confounding Variables......Page 199
Overview of Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Ex Post Facto Designs......Page 203
Design 2: One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design......Page 204
Design 4: Pretest–Posttest Control-Group Design......Page 205
Design 6: Posttest-Only Control-Group Design......Page 206
Design 7: Within-Subjects Design......Page 207
Design 8: Nonrandomized Control-Group Pretest–Posttest Design......Page 208
Design 11: Reversal Time-Series Design......Page 209
Design 13: Multiple-Baseline Design......Page 210
Using Designs 11, 12, and 13 in Single-Subject Studies......Page 212
Ex Post Facto Designs......Page 213
Design 15: Two-Factor Experimental Design......Page 214
Design 16: Combined Experimental and Ex Post Facto Design......Page 215
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Identifying Quantitative Research Designs......Page 219
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Determining Possible Cause-and-Effect Relationships......Page 220
USING TECHNOLOGY: Conducting Experiments on the Internet......Page 222
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Acknowledging the Probable Presence of Bias in Experimental Research......Page 223
A Sample Dissertation......Page 225
Answers to the Conceptual Analysis Exercise "Identifying Quantitative Research Designs”......Page 229
Exploring and Organizing a Data Set......Page 230
Organizing Data to Make Them Easier to Think About and Interpret......Page 232
USING TECHNOLOGY: Using Computer Spreadsheets to Organize and Analyze Data......Page 234
Functions of Statistics......Page 236
Considering the Nature of the Data......Page 238
Measures of Central Tendency......Page 242
Measures of Variability: Dispersion and Deviation......Page 245
Measures of Association: Correlation......Page 250
Estimating Population Parameters......Page 253
Testing Hypotheses......Page 256
Meta-Analysis......Page 259
USING TECHNOLOGY: Using Statistical Software Packages......Page 261
Interpreting the Data......Page 262
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Analyzing and Interpreting Data in a Quantitative Study......Page 264
A Sample Dissertation......Page 265
For Further Reading......Page 268
Chapter 9 Qualitative Research Methods......Page 270
Research Problems and Methodology Choice in Qualitative Research......Page 271
Case Study......Page 272
Ethnography......Page 273
Phenomenological Study......Page 274
Grounded Theory Study......Page 275
Content Analysis......Page 276
Collecting Data in Qualitative Research......Page 278
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Addressing Validity and Reliability Issues in Qualitative Data Collection......Page 279
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Selecting an Appropriate Sample for a Qualitative Study......Page 280
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Making Observations in a Qualitative Study......Page 281
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning and Conducting Interviews in a Qualitative Study......Page 282
Criteria for Evaluating Qualitative Research......Page 288
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning the Logistics of a Qualitative Study......Page 289
A Sample Dissertation......Page 291
For Further Reading......Page 295
Answers to the Conceptual Analysis Exercise "Choosing a Qualitative Research Design”......Page 296
USING TECHNOLOGY: Data Sources in Historical Research......Page 297
USING TECHNOLOGY: Online Databases for Historical Events......Page 301
Internal Evidence......Page 302
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Historical Research Writing......Page 304
A Sample Dissertation......Page 305
For Further Reading......Page 309
Chapter 11 Analyzing Qualitative Data......Page 310
General Strategies for Organizing and Analyzing Qualitative Data......Page 311
An Example: Data Analysis in a Grounded Theory Study......Page 316
An Example: Data Analysis in a Content Analysis Study......Page 318
USING TECHNOLOGY PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Using Computer Databases to Facilitate Data Organization and Analysis......Page 319
Acknowledging the Role of Researcher-as-Instrument in Qualitative Research......Page 320
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Planning Data Analysis for a Qualitative Study......Page 321
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Observing How Experienced Researchers Have Conducted Qualitative Research......Page 323
A Sample Dissertation......Page 324
For Further Reading......Page 329
Chapter 12 Mixed-Methods Designs......Page 330
Common Mixed-Methods Designs......Page 331
Multiphase Iterative Designs......Page 332
Common Symbolic Notations for Mixed-Methods Designs......Page 333
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS EXERCISE: Identifying Mixed-Methods Research Designs......Page 334
Identifying Research Questions and Hypotheses......Page 335
Choosing One or More Appropriate Samples......Page 336
Addressing Validity Concerns......Page 337
Analyzing and Interpreting Mixed-Methods Data......Page 338
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Deciding Whether to Use a Mixed-Methods Design......Page 340
Systematic Reviews of Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Studies......Page 341
A Sample Dissertation......Page 343
Answers to the Conceptual Analysis Exercise "Identifying Mixed-Methods Research Designs”......Page 347
Getting Started......Page 348
Learn by Looking......Page 349
Explanation of the Research Problem......Page 350
Description of the Data and Data Analyses......Page 351
Interpretation of the Data......Page 352
Maintaining Your Academic Integrity......Page 354
Preliminary Pages......Page 355
USING TECHNOLOGY: Reference List......Page 356
Organizing a Research Report......Page 359
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Writing Your Final Report......Page 361
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Developing a Writing Schedule......Page 363
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Critiquing a Final Research Report......Page 365
Conference Presentations......Page 367
PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Presenting Your Research at a Professional Conference......Page 368
Journal Articles......Page 369
Responding to Reviewers’ Critiques......Page 370
For Further Reading......Page 371
USING TECHNOLOGY: Using Excel to Keep Track of Literature Resources......Page 373
Using Excel to Record and Recode Data......Page 375
Using Excel to Perform Simple Statistical Analyses......Page 378
USING TECHNOLOGY: Creating a Data Set......Page 380
Computing Basic Descriptive Statistics......Page 382
Computing Inferential Statistics......Page 383
C......Page 386
I......Page 387
N......Page 388
Q......Page 389
S......Page 390
Z......Page 391
References......Page 392
C......Page 397
E......Page 399
G......Page 400
K......Page 401
M......Page 402
P......Page 403
R......Page 405
S......Page 406
T......Page 407
Z......Page 408

✦ Subjects

Textbooks;Nonfiction;Reference;Research;Education;Research Methods;Science;Library Science;Academic;School;Psychology