Power system operation and control

✍ Scribed by Sivanagaraju, S.; Sreenivasan, G

• Publisher: Pearson Education India
• Year: 2009;2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 613
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Power System Operation and Control is a comprehensive text designed for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in electrical engineering. This book aims to meet the requirements of electrical engineering students of universities all over India. This text is written in a simple and easy-to-understand manner and is valuable both as a textbook as well as a reference book for engineering students and practicing engineers.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Power System Operation and Control......Page 2
Copyright......Page 5
Also by the Same Auther......Page 3
To our parents......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 22
Acknowledgments......Page 23
Load Curve......Page 24
Load–Duration Curve......Page 25
Uses of integrated load–duration curve......Page 26
Maximum demand......Page 27
Diversity factor......Page 28
Dump power......Page 29
Base Load and Peak Load on a Power Station......Page 30
Purpose of load forecasting......Page 38
Classification of load forecasting......Page 39
Forecasting procedure......Page 40
Short Questions and Answers......Page 41
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 42
Review Questions......Page 45
Problems......Page 46
Characteristics of Power Generation (Steam) Unit......Page 48
Input–Output Characteristics......Page 49
Incremental Fuel Cost Curve......Page 50
Heat Rate Curve......Page 52
Non-Smooth Cost Functions with Multivalve Effect......Page 53
Characteristics of a Hydro-Power Unit......Page 54
Constraints of hydro-power plants......Page 56
Optimization Problem—Mathematical Formulation......Page 57
Constraint equations......Page 58
Mathematical Determination of Optimal Allocation of Total Load Among Different Units......Page 61
Analytical method......Page 63
Graphical method......Page 64
Solution by using a digital computer......Page 66
Economic Dispatch Neglecting Losses and Including Generator Limits......Page 68
Hydro-plants......Page 73
Including reactive-power flows......Page 75
Key Notes......Page 106
Short Questions and Answers......Page 107
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 109
Problems......Page 112
Mathematical modeling......Page 114
Transmission Loss Expression in Terms of Real-Power Generation—Derivation......Page 115
Mathematical Determination of Optimum Allocationof Total Load when Transmission Losses are Taken into Consideration......Page 120
Determination of ITL formula......Page 122
Penalty factor......Page 123
Flowchart for the Solution of an Optimization Problem when Transmission Losses are Considered......Page 124
Short Questions and Answers......Page 159
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 162
Review Questions......Page 166
Introduction......Page 168
Spinning reserve......Page 169
Thermal unit constraints......Page 170
Hydro-constraints......Page 171
Start-up cost consideration......Page 172
Constraints for Plant Commitment Schedules......Page 173
Enumeration scheme......Page 174
Priority-list method......Page 178
Dynamic programming......Page 179
Consideration of Reliability in Optimal UC Problem......Page 189
Optimal UC with Security Constraint......Page 192
Illustration of security constraint with Example......Page 193
Start-Up Consideration......Page 195
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 206
Short Questions and Answers......Page 210
Review Questions......Page 212
Problems......Page 213
Introduction......Page 214
Optimal Power-Flow Problem without Inequality Constraints......Page 215
Algorithm for computational procedure......Page 218
Inequality constraints on control variables......Page 219
Inequality constraints on dependent variables—penalty function method......Page 221
Short Questions and Answers......Page 223
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 224
Review Questions......Page 227
Hydro-Thermal Co-ordination......Page 228
Scheduling of Hydro-Units in a Hydro-Thermal System......Page 229
Long-Term Co-ordination......Page 230
Constant thermal generation method......Page 231
General Mathematical Formulation of Long-Term Hydro-Thermal Scheduling......Page 232
Solution of problem-discretization principle......Page 233
Solution technique......Page 235
Algorithm......Page 236
Solution of Short-Term Hydro-Thermal Scheduling Problems—Kirchmayer’s Method......Page 241
Greater economy......Page 260
Reserve capacity maintenance......Page 261
Key Notes......Page 268
Short Questions and Answers......Page 269
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 272
Problems......Page 276
Necessity of Maintaining Frequency Constant......Page 278
Governor Characteristics of a Single Generator......Page 279
Adjustment of Governor Characteristic of Parallel Operating Units......Page 281
Generator Controllers......Page 282
Dynamic Interaction between P–f and Q–V Loops......Page 283
Speed-Governing System......Page 284
Speed-governing system model......Page 285
Non-reheat-type steam turbines......Page 289
Reheat type of steam turbines......Page 291
Generator-Load Model......Page 292
Incremental Power Balance of Control Area......Page 296
Single Area—Steady-State Analysis......Page 297
Speed-changer position is constant......Page 298
Load demand is constant......Page 301
Static Load Frequency Curves......Page 302
Dynamic Analysis......Page 303
Integral control......Page 311
Analysis of the Integral Control......Page 312
Control of Generator Unit Power Output......Page 316
Key Notes......Page 326
Short Questions and Answers......Page 327
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 329
Review Questions......Page 333
Problems......Page 334
Introduction......Page 336
Static response......Page 340
Dynamic response......Page 344
Area Control Error —Two-Area Case......Page 350
Steady-state response......Page 351
Optimum Parameter Adjustment......Page 353
Load Frequency and Economic Dispatch Controls......Page 356
Model of single-area dynamic system in astate-variable form......Page 358
Optimum control index......Page 359
Optimum control problem and strategy......Page 360
Dynamic equations of a two-area system......Page 361
State-variable model for a three-area power system......Page 362
Advantages of state-variable model......Page 369
Key Notes......Page 381
Short Questions and Answers......Page 382
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 383
Review Questions......Page 384
Problems......Page 385
Objectives of Load Compensation......Page 386
Ideal Compensator......Page 387
P.f. Correction......Page 388
Voltage regulation......Page 390
P.f. Correction......Page 393
Load balancing......Page 394
Fundamental transmission line equation......Page 395
Surge impedance or natural loading......Page 398
The symmetrical line at no-load......Page 400
Underexcited operation of generators due to line-charging......Page 401
Reactive power requirements......Page 402
The uncompensated line under load with consideration of maximum power and stability......Page 404
Compensated Transmission Lines......Page 405
Effects of series and shunt compensation of lines......Page 406
Concept of SSR in lines......Page 407
Shunt Compensator......Page 409
Thyristor-controlled reactor......Page 410
Thyristor-switched capacitor......Page 411
Series Compensator......Page 412
Unified Power-Flow Controller......Page 414
Basic Relationship for Power-Flow Control......Page 415
Without line compensation......Page 416
With shunt compensation......Page 417
Comparison of Different Types of Compensating Equipment for Transmission Systems......Page 418
Voltage collapse......Page 419
P–V curves......Page 420
Concept of voltage collapse proximate indicator......Page 423
Voltage-stability analysis: Q–V curves......Page 425
Derivation for Voltage-Stability Index......Page 427
Short Questions and Answers......Page 437
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 438
Problems......Page 443
Necessity of Voltage Control......Page 444
Location of Voltage-Control Equipment......Page 445
Excitation control......Page 446
Series capacitors......Page 449
Tap-changing transformers......Page 451
Booster transformers......Page 454
Synchronous condensers......Page 455
Rating of Synchronous Phase Modifier......Page 456
Short Questions and Answers......Page 462
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 463
Problems......Page 465
Introduction......Page 466
Modeling of hydraulic turbine......Page 467
Non-reheat type......Page 470
Reheat type......Page 471
Simplified Model of Synchronous Machine......Page 475
Effect of Saliency......Page 480
General Equation of Synchronous Machine......Page 482
Determination of Synchronous Machine Inductances......Page 483
Stator to rotor mutual inductances......Page 484
Stator Self-Inductances......Page 485
Development of General Machine Equations—Matrix Form......Page 488
Blondel’s Transformation (or) Park’sTransformation to ‘dqo’ Components......Page 490
Inverse Park’s Transformation......Page 492
Power-Invariant Transformation in ‘f-d-q-o’ Axes......Page 493
Flux Linkage Equations......Page 495
Voltage Equations......Page 496
Physical Interpretation of Equations......Page 498
Generalized Impedance Matrix......Page 499
Torque Equation......Page 500
Synchronous Machine—Steady-State Analysis......Page 501
Salient-pole synchronous machine......Page 502
Non-salient-pole synchronous(cylindrical rotor) machine......Page 505
Salient-pole synchronous generator—sub-transient effect......Page 506
Dynamic model of synchronous machine including damper winding......Page 511
Equivalent circuit of synchronous generator—including damper winding effect......Page 513
Modeling of Synchronous Machine—Swing Equation......Page 515
Short Questions and Answers......Page 518
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 521
Review Questions......Page 526
Introduction......Page 528
Mechanical–hydraulic-controlled speed governing systems......Page 529
Electro–hydraulic-controlled speed governing systems......Page 531
Mechanical–hydraulic-controlled speed governing systems......Page 532
Electric–hydraulic-controlled speed governing system......Page 534
Non-wind-up limiter......Page 535
Reheat system unit......Page 536
Block diagram representation......Page 537
Transfer function of the steam-governor turbine modeling......Page 538
Modeling of a Hydro-Turbine-Speed Governor......Page 539
Effect of Varying Excitation of a Synchronous Generator......Page 540
Explanation......Page 541
Methods of Providing Excitation......Page 543
Block diagram representation structure of a general excitation system......Page 544
Excitation Control Scheme......Page 547
Static excitation system......Page 548
PT and rectifier......Page 549
Amplifiers......Page 550
Self-Excited Exciter and Amplidyne......Page 552
Development of Excitation System Block Diagram......Page 554
Transfer function of the stabilizing transformer......Page 555
IEEE type-1 excitation system......Page 556
Transfer function of overall excitation system......Page 558
Terminal voltage transducer and load compensation......Page 559
Excitation system stabilizer and transient gain reduction......Page 560
Power system stabilizer......Page 562
DC excitation system......Page 563
AC excitation system......Page 565
Static excitation system......Page 566
Short Questions and Answers......Page 567
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 571
Review Questions......Page 578
The Concept of System Security......Page 580
Security Analysis......Page 581
Digital simulation......Page 582
Pattern recognition......Page 583
Security Enhancement......Page 584
SSS Analysis......Page 585
Requirements of an SSS assessor......Page 586
Transient Security Analysis......Page 588
State Estimation......Page 589
Modeling of uncertainty......Page 590
Some basic facts of state estimation......Page 591
Least squares estimation......Page 592
Applications of state estimation......Page 594
Key Notes......Page 595
Short Questions and Answers......Page 596
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 598
Review Questions......Page 600
Appendix......Page 602
Index......Page 608