Cover......Page 1
About the Author......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
1.1.1 Unit Commitment Problem......Page 12
1.2.1 InputβOutput or Heat Characteristic......Page 13
1.2.2 Cost Curve and Incremental Fuel Cost Characteristic......Page 14
1.3 Objective Function and Constraints for the Economic Dispatch Problem......Page 19
1.4.1 Nonlinear Function Optimization Considering Equality Constraints......Page 20
1.4.2 Nonlinear Function Optimization Considering Equality and Inequality Constraints......Page 22
1.5 Economic Dispatch Problem β Neglecting Transmission Line Losses......Page 23
1.5.1 Solution of Economic Dispatch Problem β Neglecting Losses and Generator Limits......Page 24
1.5.2 Algorithm β Economic Dispatch Without Considering Generator Limits......Page 25
1.5.3 Solution of Economic Dispatch Problem β Neglecting Losses and Including Generator Limits......Page 30
1.5.4 Algorithm β Economic Dispatch Including Generator Power Limits......Page 31
Questions from Previous Question Papers......Page 35
Competitive Examination Questions......Page 37
2.2 Economic Scheduling Problem Considering Losses......Page 40
2.3 Derivation of the Transmission Loss Formula......Page 42
2.4 Solution of the Economic Scheduling Problem β Considering Transmission Line Losses......Page 51
2.4.1 Algorithm......Page 53
2.5 Economic Dispatch Considering Losses β the Classical Method......Page 62
2.5.1 Algorithm......Page 63
Questions from Previous Question Papers......Page 71
Competitive Examination Questions......Page 73
3.1.1 Long Range Hydro Thermal Scheduling......Page 76
3.2 Long Range Hydro Thermal Scheduling......Page 77
3.2.1 Determination of Optimal Contribution of Thermal Plant......Page 79
3.2.2 Short Term Hydro Thermal Scheduling......Page 81
Questions from Previous Question Papers......Page 85
4.1 Introduction......Page 86
Mathematical Model of the Speed Governing System......Page 87
4.4 Generator Load Model......Page 90
4.5 Representation of Loads......Page 91
4.6 Turbine Model......Page 92
4.7 Synchronous Machines......Page 93
4.8 the Swing Equation......Page 95
4.9.1 Exciter System Block Diagram......Page 96
4.9.2 Ieee Type-1 Excitation Model:-......Page 97
Question from Previous Question Papers......Page 102
5.1 Introduction......Page 104
5.2 Control Area Concept......Page 105
5.3 Isolated Block Diagram Representation of Single Area Frequency Control......Page 106
5.4 Steady State Response......Page 107
5.5 Dynamic Response......Page 110
5.6 State Space Model for Single Area......Page 111
5.7 Matrix Representation of All State Equations......Page 112
Questions from Previous Question Papers......Page 122
Competitive Examination Questions......Page 123
6.1.1 Flat Frequency Control of Inter Connected System......Page 126
Assumptions Made in the Analysis of a Two-Area System......Page 127
6.2 Two-Area State Space Model Representation......Page 128
6.3.1 Uncontrolled Case......Page 132
6.3.2 Controlled Case......Page 135
Question from Previous Question Papers......Page 141
Competitive Examination Questions......Page 142
7.2 Proportional Plus Integral Controller......Page 144
7.3 Load Frequency Control and Economic Dispatch Control......Page 147
Questions from Previous Question Papers......Page 150
Competitive Examination Question......Page 151
8.2 Power Factor......Page 152
8.3 Reactive Power......Page 154
8.4 Causes of Low Power Factor......Page 156
8.4.1 Disadvantages of Low Power Factor......Page 157
8.5 Reactive Power Flow in an Uncompensated Transmission Line......Page 160
8.6 Necessity for Reactive Power Compensation in a Transmission Line......Page 161
8.7.1 Synchronous Generator Control......Page 162
8.7.2 Capacitor Control......Page 163
8.8 Power Factor Correction (Loadcompensation)......Page 165
8.8.1 Illustration of Power Factor Correction......Page 166
Question from Previous Question Papers......Page 167
Answers to Selected Competitive Examination Questions......Page 168
Index......Page 170