Position Location Techniques and Applications

✍ Scribed by David Muñoz Rodríguez, Frantz Bouchereau Lara, César Vargas Rosales, Rogerio Enríquez-Caldera

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 297
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book is the definitive guide to the techniques and applications of position location, covering both terrestrial and satellite systems. It gives all the techniques, theoretical models, and algorithms that engineers need to improve their current location schemes and to develop future location algorithms and systems. Comprehensive coverage is given to system design trade-offs, complexity issues, and the design of efficient positioning algorithms to enable the creation of high-performance location positioning systems. Traditional methods are also reexamined in the context of the challenges posed by reconfigurable and multihop networks. Applications discussed include wireless networks (WiFi, ZigBee, UMTS, and DVB networks), cognitive radio, sensor networks and multihop networks. Features Contains a complete guide to models, techniques, and applications of position location Includes applications to wireless networks, demonstrating the relevance of location positioning to these "hot" areas in research and development Covers system design trade-offs and the design of efficient positioning algorithms, enabling the creation of future location positioning systems Provides a theoretical underpinning for understanding current position location algorithms, giving researchers a foundation to develop future algorithms David Mu?oz is Director and C?sar Vargas is a member of the Center for Electronics and Telecommunications, Tecnol?gico de Monterrey, Mexico. Frantz Bouchereau is a senior communications software developer at The MathWorks Inc. in Natick, MA. Rogerio Enr?quez-Caldera is at Instituto Nacional de Atrofisica, Optica y Electronica (INAOE), Puebla, Mexico. . Contains a complete guide to models, techniques and applications of position location. Includes applications to wireless networks (WiFi, ZigBee, DVB networks), cognitive radio, sensor networks and reconfigurable and multi-hop networks, demonstrating the relevance of location positioning to these 'hot' areas in research and development. Covers system design trade-offs, and the design of efficient positioning algorithms enables the creation of future location positioning systems. Provides a theoretical underpinning for understanding current position location algorithms, giving researchers a foundation to develop future algorithms

✦ Table of Contents

Cover Page
......Page 1
Copyright......Page 4
Purpose of This Book......Page 13
Features......Page 14
Organization......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 17
About the Authors......Page 19
1 The Position Location Problem......Page 23
The Need for PL and Historical Developments......Page 24
Resolution......Page 27
Fundamental Scenarios for PL......Page 32
Terrestrial and Satellite Scenarios......Page 36
Mobility......Page 38
Current and Potential Applications......Page 39
References......Page 43
AOA Measurements......Page 45
The Uniform Linear Array Model......Page 46
Cramer Rao Bound for Array Observations......Page 49
Beamscan AOA Estimator......Page 50
Maximum Likelihood AOA Estimator......Page 51
MUSIC Algorithm for AOA Estimation......Page 53
ESPRIT Algorithm for AOA Estimation......Page 55
TOA and TDOA Measurements......Page 57
The Time of Arrival Problem......Page 58
The Time Difference of Arrival Problem......Page 59
Performance Bound for TOA and TDOA Problems......Page 60
Received Signal Model and Its Analogy to the ArrayProcessing Problem......Page 61
Generalized Cross-Correlation Method for TOAor TDOA Estimation......Page 62
Conventional PN-Correlation Method......Page 66
A Super-Resolution PN-CorrelationMethod: The SPM Algorithm......Page 68
TOA Estimation by Successive Cancellation......Page 76
Range Estimation Based on ReceivedSignal Strength......Page 78
Received Signal Strength Measurements......Page 79
Log-Normal Propagation Model......Page 81
Log-Normal Range Estimator......Page 82
References......Page 84
3 Location Information Processing......Page 89
The Multilateration Problem......Page 90
Geometric Multilateration......Page 91
Geometric Multilateration Based on TOA Measurements......Page 93
Geometric Multilateration Based on AOA Measurements......Page 96
Geometric Multilateration Based on TDOA Measurements......Page 97
Statistical Multilateration......Page 99
Least-Squares Multilateration......Page 100
LS Multilateration with Uncertain Reference Node Positions......Page 102
Location Estimation in Multihop Scenarios......Page 104
Centroid Algorithm......Page 108
Approximate Point-in-Triangulation Algorithm......Page 109
Ad Hoc Positioning System Algorithms......Page 112
Dead-Reckoning......Page 116
Performance Assessment of LocationEstimation Systems......Page 120
Circular Error Probability......Page 121
References......Page 122
Single-Hop and Relational Scenarios......Page 125
Range-Free Location Estimation Systems......Page 127
Signal Signature......Page 129
Triangle Concatenation......Page 131
Random Flight......Page 133
Manhattanized Algorithms......Page 141
Relational and Fuzzy Approach......Page 155
Conclusions......Page 172
References......Page 173
From Cellular to Reconfigurable Networks......Page 175
Cellular Network Scenario......Page 177
2G and 3G Technology Review......Page 179
4G and Beyond......Page 187
Ad Hoc and Sensor Network Scenarios......Page 188
Capacity and Coverage Issues......Page 197
Modeling Mobility......Page 201
Dealing with Mobility......Page 206
Mobility and Location-Based Services......Page 208
Mobility and Location......Page 209
The Concept of Cognitive Radio......Page 211
Multiple Antenna Systems......Page 213
Basics of Cross-Layering for Reconfigurable Networks......Page 219
Cooperative and Collaborative Wireless Networks......Page 220
Fundamentals of Space--Time Processing......Page 222
References......Page 223
Cellular Systems......Page 229
2G and 3G Systems......Page 230
Multihop Cellular......Page 233
E911......Page 234
Local (Indoor) Network Scenario......Page 235
Technologies and Standards Review......Page 236
Localization with WiFi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee......Page 237
RFID and INS......Page 240
System Comparison......Page 241
Mesh Systems......Page 242
Sensor Networks......Page 243
Ad Hoc Networks......Page 246
Natural and Human-Made Disasters......Page 248
References......Page 249
Satellite Positioning......Page 253
Absolute and Relative Positioning......Page 255
Kinematic and Static Positioning......Page 258
Structure of a Satellite-Positioning System......Page 261
Constellation Segment......Page 262
Control Segment......Page 267
Fundamental Concepts......Page 269
Ranging and Timing......Page 270
Precision and Accuracy......Page 272
Sources of Errors......Page 274
Systematic......Page 275
Applications......Page 277
GPS, GLONASS, and GALILEO......Page 278
Developments in Perspective......Page 280
Integration of Satellite and Ground-Based Location Systems......Page 281
References......Page 282
List of Acronyms......Page 283
A......Page 287
C......Page 288
E......Page 289
I......Page 290
M......Page 291
P......Page 293
R......Page 294
S......Page 295
T......Page 296
Z......Page 297