Portable Document Format Reference Manual, Version 1.2

✍ Scribed by Adobe Systems Incorporated

• Year: 1996
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 394
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Figures
Figure 2.1 Creating PDF files using PDF Writer 30
Figure 2.2 Creating PDF files using the Distiller ...
Figure 2.3 Viewing and printing a PDF document 31
Figure 2.4 PDF components 36
Figure 3.1 Device space 38
Figure 3.2 User space 38
Figure 3.3 Relationships among PDF coordinate syst...
Figure 3.4 Effects of coordinate transformations 4...
Figure 3.5 Effect of the order of transformations ...
Figure 5.1 Structure of a PDF file that has not be...
Figure 5.2 Structure of a PDF file after changes h...
Figure 6.1 Structure of a PDF document 76
Figure 6.2 Page object’s media box and crop box 83...
Figure 7.1 Fonts, encodings, CMaps, and descriptor...
Figure 7.2 Characteristics represented in the Flag...
Figure 7.3 Color spaces 172
Figure 7.4 Mapping with the Decode array 192
Figure 7.5 Star Pattern 208
Figure 8.1 Graphics Objects 212
Figure 8.2 Flatness 215
Figure 8.3 Line cap styles 216
Figure 8.4 Line dash pattern 216
Figure 8.5 Line join styles 217
Figure 8.6 Miter length 218
Figure 8.7 Bézier curve 224
Figure 8.8 v operator 225
Figure 8.9 y operator 226
Figure 8.10 Non-zero winding number rule 227
Figure 8.11 Even–odd rule 227
Figure 8.12 Character spacing 230
Figure 8.13 Effect of word spacing 230
Figure 8.14 Horizontal scaling 231
Figure 8.15 Leading 231
Figure 8.16 Text rendering modes 232
Figure 8.17 Text rise 233
Figure 8.18 Operation of TJ operator 237
Figure 11.1 Restoring clipping path after clipping...
Figure 13.1 Effect of JPEG encoding on a screensho...
Figure 13.2 Effect of JPEG encoding on a continuou...
Figure 14.1 Clipping to a path 302
Figure 14.2 Using text as a clipping path 303
Figure 14.3 Images and image masks 306
Figure 14.4 Using an image to produce a linear ble...
Figure 14.5 Using an image to produce a square ble...
Figure A.1 Pages tree for 62-page document example...
Figure A.2 Example of outline with six items, all ...
Figure A.3 Example of outline with six items, five...
Tables
Table 4.1 Escape sequences in strings 46
Table 4.2 Stream attributes 51
Table 4.3 Standard filters 51
Table 4.4 Optional parameters for LZW filter 55
Table 4.5 Optional parameters for FlateDecode filt...
Table 4.6 Predictor values 58
Table 4.7 Optional parameters for CCITTFaxDecode f...
Table 5.1 Trailer attributes 69
Table 6.1 Catalog attributes 78
Table 6.2 Viewer Preferences 79
Table 6.3 Pages attributes 80
Table 6.4 Page attributes 81
Table 6.5 Transition attributes 85
Table 6.6 Transition Effects 85
Table 6.7 Effect parameters 86
Table 6.8 Annotation attributes (common to all ann...
Table 6.9 Border Style attributes 89
Table 6.10 Highlight Modes 90
Table 6.11 Appearance dictionary 91
Table 6.12 Text annotation attributes (in addition...
Table 6.13 Link annotation attributes (in addition...
Table 6.14 Movie Player annotation attributes (in ...
Table 6.15 Movie dictionary attributes 94
Table 6.16 Movie Activation attributes 94
Table 6.17 Sound annotation attributes (in additio...
Table 6.18 Outlines attributes 96
Table 6.19 Outline entry attributes 97
Table 6.20 Destination specification 99
Table 6.21 Types of actions 100
Table 6.22 Action attributes (common to all action...
Table 6.23 Additional Actions attributes 102
Table 6.24 GoTo action attributes (in addition to ...
Table 6.25 GoToR action attributes (in addition to...
Table 6.26 Launch action attributes (in addition t...
Table 6.27 Windows-specific launch attributes 105
Table 6.28 Thread action attributes (in addition t...
Table 6.29 URI action attributes (in addition to t...
Table 6.30 URI attributes 108
Table 6.31 Sound action attributes (in addition to...
Table 6.32 Movie Player attributes (in addition to...
Table 6.33 SetState action attributes (in addition...
Table 6.34 Hide action attributes (in addition to ...
Table 6.35 Named Action Attributes (in addition to...
Table 6.36 Named Action List 110
Table 6.37 NOP Action Attributes (in addition to t...
Table 6.38 Names dictionary in the Catalog 111
Table 6.39 The root node in a name tree 112
Table 6.40 An intermediate node in a name tree 112...
Table 6.41 A leaf node in a name tree 112
Table 6.42 PDF Info dictionary attributes 114
Table 6.43 Thread attributes 115
Table 6.44 Bead attributes 116
Table 6.45 Standard security handler attributes 11...
Table 6.46 Permission flags 119
Table 6.47 AcroForm dictionary attributes 122
Table 6.48 Attributes common to all types of field...
Table 6.49 Attributes common to all types of field...
Table 6.50 Field flags for Btn fields 127
Table 6.51 checkbox attributes 128
Table 6.52 Radio button attributes 129
Table 6.53 Choice attributes 130
Table 6.54 Field flags for choice fields 131
Table 6.55 Text field attributes 132
Table 6.56 SubmitForm action attributes (in additi...
Table 6.57 ResetForm action attributes (in additio...
Table 6.58 ImportData action attributes (in additi...
Table 6.59 Sound attributes 135
Table 7.1 Examples of file specifications 139
Table 7.2 File specification attributes 140
Table 7.3 Predefined procsets 143
Table 7.4 Attributes common to all types of fonts ...
Table 7.5 Type 1 font additional attributes 147
Table 7.6 Base 14 fonts 147
Table 7.7 Multiple master Type 1 font additional a...
Table 7.8 Type 3 font additional attributes 150
Table 7.9 TrueType font attributes 151
Table 7.10 Type 0 font attributes 152
Table 7.11 Attributes common to all CID fonts 154
Table 7.12 CIDFontType 0 font attributes (in addit...
Table 7.13 CIDFontType 2 font attributes 156
Table 7.14 Font encoding attributes 157
Table 7.15 Predefined CJK CMap names 159
Table 7.16 CMap attributes 160
Table 7.17 Font descriptor attributes 163
Table 7.18 Additional attributes for FontFile stre...
Table 7.19 Font flags 166
Table 7.20 Additional FontDescriptor attributes 16...
Table 7.21 Character Subsets in CJK fonts 169
Table 7.22 CID font file 171
Table 7.23 CalGray attributes 173
Table 7.24 CalRGB attributes 174
Table 7.25 Lab attributes 175
Table 7.26 Image XObject attributes 178
Table 7.27 Default Decode arrays for various color...
Table 7.28 Color rendering intents 181
Table 7.29 Form XObject attributes 182
Table 7.30 PostScript XObject attributes 184
Table 7.31 OPI dictionary 185
Table 7.32 OPI 1.3 dictionary 185
Table 7.33 OPI 2.0 dictionary 186
Table 7.34 Function dictionary attributes shared b...
Table 7.35 Attributes of sampled functions (Functi...
Table 7.36 ExtGState attributes 191
Table 7.37 Entries in a Type 1 halftone dictionary...
Table 7.38 Predefined spot functions 195
Table 7.39 Entries in a Type 5 halftone dictionary...
Table 7.40 Type 6 halftone attributes 202
Table 7.41 Type 10 halftone attributes 203
Table 7.42 Pattern attributes 204
Table 7.43 Property List attributes 209
Table 8.1 Abbreviations for in-line image names 23...
Table 9.1 Linearization parameters 251
Table 9.2 Standard Hint Tables 254
Table 9.3 Page Offset hint table, header section 2...
Table 9.4 Page Offset hint table, per-page entry 2...
Table 9.5 Shared Object hint table, header section...
Table 9.6 Shared Object hint table, Shared Object ...
Table 9.7 Thumbnails hint table, header section 26...
Table 9.8 Thumbnails hint table, per-page entry 26...
Table 9.9 Generic Hint Table 264
Table 9.10 Forms hint table, continued 264
Table 10.1 Optimized operator combinations 273
Table 11.1 Comparison of text string operators 283...
Table 11.2 Comparison of text positioning operator...
Table 13.1 Comparison of compression filters for i...
Table A.1 Objects in empty example 315
Table A.2 Objects in “Hello World” example 317
Table A.3 Objects in graphics example 319
Table A.4 Object use after adding four text annota...
Table A.5 Object use after deleting two text annot...
Table A.6 Object use after adding three text annot...
Table B.1 PDF page marking operators 335
Table D.1 Architectural limits 356
Table G.1 Acrobat 1.0 Viewer behavior with unknown...
Table G.2 Acrobat 2.0 Viewer behavior with unknown...
Table H.1 FDF attributes 376
Table H.2 Field attributes 377
Examples
Example 4.1 Dictionary 49
Example 4.2 Dictionary within a dictionary 49
Example 4.3 Stream that has been LZW and ASCII85 e...
Example 4.4 Unencoded stream 52
Example 4.1 Indirect reference 63
Example 5.1 Cross-reference section with a single ...
Example 5.2 Cross-reference section with multiple ...
Example 5.3 Trailer 70
Example 6.1 Catalog 77
Example 6.2 Pages tree for a document containing t...
Example 6.3 Inheritance of attributes 81
Example 6.4 Page with thumbnail, annotations, and ...
Example 6.5 A page with information for presentati...
Example 6.6 Thumbnail 87
Example 6.7 Text annotation 92
Example 6.8 Link annotation 93
Example 6.9 Outlines object with six open entries ...
Example 6.10 Outline entry 98
Example 6.11 GoTo action 104
Example 6.1 Info dictionary 115
Example 6.2 Thread 116
Example 6.3 Simple checkbox field 128
Example 6.4 Radio button field with two buttons 12...
Example 6.5 List box field 131
Example 6.6 Text field 132
Example 7.1 URLs 141
Example 7.2 Resources dictionary 143
Example 7.1 Type 1 font and character widths array...
Example 7.2 Multiple master font and character wid...
Example 7.3 Type 3 font 151
Example 7.4 TrueType font 152
Example 7.5 Type 0 font referring to a single CID ...
Example 7.6 Font encoding 158
Example 7.7 CMap Encoding 161
Example 7.8 Embedded Type 1 font definition 165
Example 7.1 Font descriptor 167
Example 7.2 FD entry 170
Example 7.3 Indexed color space 176
Example 7.4 Image with length specified as an indi...
Example 7.1 Form XObject 183
Example 7.2 Example of a spot function 190
Example 7.3 ExtGStates 192
Example 7.4 Halftone with spot-function dictionary...
Example 7.5 Halftone dictionary for type 5 200
Example 7.6 Bitmap pattern 205
Example 7.7 Star pattern 206
Example 8.1 In-line image 240
Example 9.1 Outline of a linearized PDF file 249
Example 11.1 Changing the text matrix inside a tex...
Example 11.2 Multiple lines of text without automa...
Example 11.3 Multiple lines of text using automati...
Example 11.4 TJ operator without automatic leading...
Example 11.5 Use of the T* operator 281
Example 11.6 Using the TL operator to set leading ...
Example 11.7 Using the TD operator to set leading ...
Example 11.8 Character and word spacing using the ...
Example 11.9 Character and word spacing using the ...
Example 11.1 Restoring clipping path after using t...
Example 12.1 Each path segment as a separate path ...
Example 12.2 Grouping path segments into a single ...
Example 12.3 Using redundant l and h operators to ...
Example 12.4 Using the l operator to close a path ...
Example 12.5 Taking advantage of the h operator to...
Example 12.6 Improperly closing a path: multiple p...
Example 12.7 Properly closing a path: single path ...
Example 12.8 Portion of a path before coalescing o...
Example 12.9 Portion of a path after coalescing op...
Example 14.1 Clipping to a path 302
Example 14.2 Using text as a clipping path 304
Example 14.3 Images and image masks 306
Example 14.4 Using images as blends 309
Example 14.5 Image used to produce a grayscale squ...
Example A.1 Minimal PDF file 316
Example A.2 PDF file for simple text example 317
Example A.3 PDF file for simple graphics example 3...
Example A.4 Pages tree for a document containing 6...
Example A.5 Six entry outline, all items open 324
Example A.6 Six entry outline, five entries open 3...
Example A.7 Update section of PDF file when four t...
Example A.8 Update section of PDF file when one te...
Example A.9 Update section of PDF file when two te...
Example A.10 Update section of PDF file after thre...
Introduction
1.1 About this book
1.2 Introduction to the Second Edition—PDF 1.1
1.3 Introduction to the Third Edition—PDF 1.2
1.4 Conventions used in this book
1.5 A note on syntax
1.6 Copyrights and permissions to use PDF
Portable Document Format
Overview
2.1 What is the Portable Document Format?
2.2 Using PDF
2.3 General properties
2.4 PDF and the PostScript language
2.5 Understanding PDF
Coordinate Systems
3.1 Device space
3.2 User space
3.3 Text space
3.4 Character space
3.5 Image space
3.6 Form space
3.7 Pattern space
3.8 Relationships among coordinate systems
3.9 Transformations between coordinate systems
3.10 Transformation matrices
Objects
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Booleans
4.3 Numbers
4.4 Strings
4.5 Names
4.6 Arrays
4.7 Dictionaries
4.8 Streams
4.9 The null object
4.10 Indirect objects
4.11 Object references
File Structure
5.1 PDF files
5.2 Header
5.3 Body
5.4 Cross-reference table
5.5 Trailer
5.6 Incremental update
5.7 Encryption
Document Structure
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Catalog
6.3 Pages tree
6.4 Page objects
6.5 Thumbnails
6.6 Annotations
6.7 Outline tree
6.8 Destinations
6.9 Actions
6.10 Name trees
6.11 Info dictionary
6.12 Articles
6.13 File ID
6.14 Encryption dictionary
6.15 Acrobat Forms
6.16 Sounds
Common Data Structures
7.1 Rectangle
7.2 File specification
7.3 Resource Dictionaries
7.4 ProcSets
7.5 Fonts
7.6 Font encodings
7.7 CMaps
7.8 Font descriptors
7.9 Color spaces
7.10 XObjects
7.11 Functions
7.12 Extended graphics states
7.13 Halftones
7.14 Patterns
7.15 Property lists
Page Descriptions
8.1 Overview
8.2 Graphics state
8.3 Special Graphics State
8.4 General Graphics state
8.5 Color
8.6 Paths
8.7 Text state
8.8 External objects (XObjects)
8.9 In-line image objects
8.10 Other operators
Linearized PDF
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Background and Assumptions
9.3 Linearized PDF document structure specificatio...
9.4 Hint Tables
9.5 Access Strategies
Optimizing PDF Files
General Techniques for Optimizing PDF Files
10.1 Use short names
10.2 Use direct and indirect objects appropriately...
10.3 Take advantage of combined operators
10.4 Remove unnecessary clipping paths
10.5 Omit unnecessary spaces
10.6 Omit default values
10.7 Take advantage of forms
10.8 Limit the precision of real numbers
10.9 Write parameters only when they change
10.10 Don’t draw outside the crop box
10.11 Consider target device resolution
10.12 Share resources
10.13 Store common Page attributes in the Pages ob...
10.14 Use strings for named destinations
Optimizing Text
11.1 Don’t produce unnecessary text objects
11.2 Use automatic leading
11.3 Take advantage of text spacing operators
11.4 Don’t replace spaces between words
11.5 Use the appropriate operator to draw text
11.6 Use the appropriate operator to position text...
11.7 Remove text clipping
11.8 Consider target device resolution
Optimizing Graphics
12.1 Use the appropriate color-setting operator
12.2 Defer path painting until necessary
12.3 Take advantage of the closepath operator
12.4 Don’t close a path more than once
12.5 Don’t draw zero-length lines
12.6 Make sure drawing is needed
12.7 Take advantage of rectangle and curve operato...
12.8 Coalesce operations
Optimizing Images
13.1 Preprocess images
13.2 Match image resolution to target device resol...
13.3 Use the minimum number of bits per color comp...
13.4 Take advantage of indexed color spaces
13.5 Use the DeviceGray color space for monochrome...
13.6 Use in-line images appropriately
13.7 Don’t compress in-line images unnecessarily
13.8 Choose the appropriate filters
13.9 Use predefined spot functions
Clipping and Blends
14.1 Clipping to a path
14.2 Clipping to text
14.3 Image masks
14.4 Blends
Example PDF Files
A.1 Minimal PDF file
A.2 Simple text string
A.3 Simple graphics
A.4 Pages tree
A.5 Outline
A.6 Updated file
Summary of Page Marking Operators
Predefined Font Encodings
C.1 Predefined encodings sorted by character name
C.2 Predefined encodings sorted by character code
C.3 MacExpert encoding
Implementation Limits
Obtaining XUIDs and Technical Notes
PDF Name Registry
Compatibility and Implementation Notes
G.1 Version numbers
G.2 Dictionary keys
G.3 Implementation notes
Forms Data Format
H.1 File Structure
H.2 The FDF Catalog Object
H.3 Use of FDF
H.4 Sample FDF
ISO 639 Language Codes
ISO 3166 Country Codes
Bibliography
Colophon