Polymeric Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration: From Surface/Interface Design to 3D Constructs

✍ Scribed by Changyou Gao (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 578
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book reviews state of the art of polymeric biomaterials for regenerative medicine and highlights advances in both fundamental science and clinical practice. It summarizes the latest techniques in polymeric scaffold fabrication, delivery carriers, physiochemical property modulation, as well as their influence on the adhesion and performance of biomolecules, cells, and tissues. It also describes methods for creating biofunctional surfaces/interfaces and subsequently modulating the host response to implantable materials. Lastly, it discusses the applications of biomaterials and constructs in soft-tissue regenerative medicine. It is a valuable resource for materials scientists and engineers wishing to identify research priorities to fulfill clinical needs and provides physicians with insights into emerging novel biomaterials. This integrated approach also offers engineering students a sense of the relevance of materials science in the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

In the second edition, most of the chapters are updated according to the latest progress of this research field. A new chapter on nerve regeneration is also included.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Scaffolds, Biomaterial Surfaces, and Stem Cells
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Scaffolds
1.2.1 Porous Scaffolds
1.2.2 Hydrogel Scaffolds
1.2.3 Micro-/Nanostructured Scaffolds
1.3 Biomaterial Surface/Interface and Biointeractions
1.3.1 Interactions of Biomaterial Surfaces with Proteins and Cells
1.3.2 Mediation of Cell Migration by Gradient Biomaterials
1.3.3 Influence of Biomaterial Surface on Stem Cell Fate
1.4 Regenerations of Some Clinic-Targeted Tissues
1.4.1 Cartilage Regeneration
1.4.2 Skin Regeneration
1.4.3 Nerve Regeneration
1.4.4 Regeneration of Blood Vessels
1.4.5 Cardiovascular Engineering
References
Part I: Structural Scaffolds and Bio-activation
Chapter 2: Polymeric and Biomimetic ECM Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Scaffolds Prepared with Free Ice Particulates
2.3 Funnel-Like Porous Scaffolds and Micropatterned Porous Scaffolds Prepared with Embossing Ice Particulates
2.4 Scaffolds Prepared with Sacrificial Templates
2.5 Composite Porous Scaffolds
2.6 Biomimetic ECM Scaffolds
2.7 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Versatile Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hydrogel Design Strategy
3.2.1 Physical Cross-Linking
3.2.1.1 Microdomain
3.2.1.2 Helical Association
3.2.1.3 Hydrogen Bond
3.2.1.4 Electrostatic Interaction
3.2.1.5 Coordination Complex
3.2.1.6 Other Interactions
Host-Guest Interaction
Hydrophobic Association
π-π Stacking Interaction
3.2.2 Chemical Cross-Linking
3.2.2.1 Irreversible Chemical Cross-Linking
Carbon-Carbon Bond
Carbon-Nitrogen Bond
Carbon-Oxygen Bond
Carbon-Sulfide Bond
Silicon-Oxygen Bond
3.2.2.2 Reversible Chemical Cross-Linking
Disulfide Bond
Hydrazone Bond
Schiff´s Base Reaction
Boronate Ester Bond
Oxime Bond
Diels-Alder Reaction
3.2.3 Biological Cross-Linking
3.2.3.1 Enzyme-Mediated Reaction
3.2.3.2 Molecular Recognition
3.3 Properties of Hydrogels
3.3.1 Swelling/Nonswelling Properties
3.3.2 Mechanical Properties
3.3.3 Biodegradability
3.3.4 Biocompatibility
3.3.5 Other Properties
3.4 Drug Delivery Hydrogels
3.4.1 Various Drug Loading Strategies
3.4.1.1 Physical Entrapment of Drugs in Hydrogels
3.4.1.2 Covalent Tethering of Drugs to Hydrogels
3.4.1.3 Affinity Binding of Drugs with Hydrogels
Electrostatic Interactions
Hydrophobic Associations
Hydrogen Bond Interaction
Ionic Interactions
3.4.2 Drug Release Mechanism in Hydrogel
3.4.2.1 Diffusion-Controlled Delivery Mechanism
3.4.2.2 Stimuli-Responsive Delivery Mechanism
pH-Response Release of Drug
Redox-Response Release of Drug
ROS-Response Release of Drug
Glucose-Response Release of Drug
Light-Triggered Release of Drug
Magnetic-Triggered Release of Drug
Electric-Triggered Release of Drug
Ultrasound-Triggered Release of Drug
Microwave-Triggered Release of Drug
3.4.3 Conclusions and Outlook
3.5 Cell Delivery Hydrogel
3.5.1 Hydrogels as Cell Carrier
3.5.2 Various Microorganisms Combined with Hydrogels
3.5.3 Hydrogels for Organoid
3.5.4 Hydrogels for Delivering Exosomes
3.5.5 Effect of Hydrogels on Cells
3.5.5.1 Effect of Mechanical Force and Stiffness of Hydrogels on Cells
3.5.5.2 Microstructure
3.5.5.3 Viscoelasticity
3.5.5.4 Degradation
3.5.5.5 Effect of Attachment of Hydrogels on Cells
3.5.6 Effect of Cells on Hydrogels
3.5.6.1 Effect on Hydrogel Remodeling
3.5.6.2 Effect on the Hydrogel Mechanical Properties
3.5.6.3 Effect on Hydrogel Degradation
3.5.7 Outlook
3.6 Injectable Hydrogels and Their Applications
3.6.1 The Brief Introduction of Injectable Hydrogels
3.6.2 Injectable Hydrogels for Various Tissue Restoration
3.6.2.1 Injectable Hydrogel for Cardiac Tissue
3.6.2.2 Injectable Hydrogel for Bone Tissue
3.6.2.3 Injectable Hydrogel for Muscle Tissue
3.6.2.4 Injectable Hydrogel for Nerve Tissue
3.6.2.5 Injectable Hydrogel for Wound Healing
3.6.2.6 Injectable Hydrogels for Other Tissues
3.6.3 Injectable Hydrogel for Tissue Adhesive
3.6.4 Injectable Hydrogel for 3D Printing
3.6.5 Injectable Hydrogel for Bioelectronics
3.7 Clinical Applications of Hydrogels
3.7.1 Products for Heart Repair
3.7.2 Products for Spinal Fusion
3.7.3 Products for Cartilage Treatment
3.7.4 Other Products
3.7.5 Conclusion and Outlook
3.8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 4: Multilayer Microcapsules with Tailored Structures and Properties as Delivery Carriers for Drugs and Growth Factors
4.1 Introductions
4.2 Multilayer Microcapsules with Tailored Structures, Properties, and Functions
4.2.1 Cross-Linking to Tailor the Properties of Microcapsules
4.2.2 Capsules Directly Assembled Based on Nonelectrostatic Interactions
4.2.3 Capsules with Subcompartments
4.2.4 Shape Transformation of Capsules
4.3 Microcapsules as Drug Delivery Carriers
4.3.1 Controlled Loading of Low-Molecular-Weight Drugs
4.3.2 LbL Assembly on Nanoparticles
4.3.3 Capsules Squeeze Through a Confined Capillary
4.3.4 Anisotropic Capsules Interact with Cells
4.3.5 Triggered Release of Encapsulated Substances from the Capsules
4.4 Microcapsules as Growth Factor Carriers and Their Incorporation into Scaffold
4.5 Conclusions and Outlooks
References
Part II: Biomaterials Surfaces/Interfaces and Bio-interactions
Chapter 5: Interactions of Biomaterial Surfaces with Proteins and Cells
5.1 Control of Protein Adsorption
5.1.1 Protein Adsorption on GNPL-Modified ELISA Plates
5.1.2 Controlling Protein Adsorption on GNPL Modified with Hydrophilic Polymer Brushes
5.1.3 Capture and Release of Proteins on Multifunctional GNPL
5.2 Regulation of Cell Behavior
5.2.1 Maintaining the Pluripotency of ESCs on GNPLs with Nanoscale Surface Roughness
5.2.2 Controlling Cell Behavior on GNPL Grafted with Protein-Resistant Polymers
5.2.3 Controlling Cell Behavior on GNPL Modified with Cell-Binding Ligands
5.2.4 Capture of Circulating Cancer Cells Using Aptamer-Modified GNPL
5.2.5 Macromolecular Delivery to Cells Using GNPL via the Photoporation Effect
5.2.6 Macromolecular Delivery to ``Recalcitrant´´ Cells Using PEI and GNPL via the Photoporation Effect
5.2.7 GNPL-Based Regenerable Smart Antibacterial Surfaces
5.3 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 6: Surface Modification of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Surface Modification Techniques
6.2.1 Physical Surface Modification
6.2.1.1 Topographical Engineering
6.2.1.2 Wettability Engineering
6.2.1.3 Physical Deposition
6.2.2 Chemical Modification
6.2.2.1 Plasma-Induced Modification
6.2.2.2 Ultraviolet (UV)-Induced Modification
6.2.2.3 Gamma-Induced Modification
6.2.2.4 Hydrolysis- and Aminolysis-Induced Modification
6.3 Techniques for Analysing Modified Surfaces
6.3.1 Physical Characterisation
6.3.1.1 Contact Angle Measurement
6.3.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
6.3.1.3 Atomic Force or Scanning Force Microscopy (AFM or SFM)
6.3.1.4 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)
6.3.2 Chemical Characterisation
6.3.2.1 Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
6.3.2.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
6.3.2.3 Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS)
6.4 Characterisation of Biocompatibility
6.4.1 A Note on the Use of the ISO 109993
6.4.2 ISO 10993-1: Evaluation and Testing Within a Risk Management Process
6.4.3 ISO 10993-4: Selection of Tests for Interactions with Blood
6.4.3.1 Categorisation of Device Types
6.4.3.2 Characterisation of Blood Interactions
6.4.3.3 Types of Tests
6.4.4 ISO 10993-5: Tests for In Vitro Cytotoxicity
6.4.4.1 Direct Contact
6.4.4.2 Exposure to Liquid Extracts
6.4.4.3 Indirect Contact
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Gradient Biomaterials and Their Impact on Cell Migration
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cell Migration
7.2.1 The Biological Processes of Cell Migration
7.2.2 Gradient Signals In Vivo
7.2.2.1 Physical Gradients and Their Influence on Cell Migration
7.2.2.2 Chemical Gradients
7.2.3 Possible Mechanism of Gradient-Dominated Cell Migration
7.3 Methods to Prepare Gradient Biomaterials
7.3.1 Bottom-Up Approaches
7.3.1.1 Infusion
7.3.1.2 Diffusion
7.3.1.3 Microfluidic Lithography (μFL)
7.3.1.4 Lithography Techniques
7.3.1.5 Electrochemical Method
7.3.2 Top-Down Technologies
7.3.2.1 Plasma Treatment
7.3.2.2 Corona Discharge
7.3.2.3 UV Irradiation
7.3.2.4 Wet Chemistry Etching
7.3.3 3D Gradient Generation Technologies
7.4 Influences of Gradient Biomaterials on Cell Migration
7.4.1 The Effect of Simple Gradients on Cell Migration
7.4.1.1 Physical Gradients
7.4.1.2 Chemical Gradients
Immobilized Gradients
Gradients of Soluble Factors
7.4.2 The Effect of Complicate Gradients on Cell Migration
7.4.2.1 Gradients with Complicate Shape
7.4.2.2 Gradients with Complicate Signals
7.4.3 Cell Migration in 3D Matrix and Possible Application in Tissue Regeneration
7.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Stem Cell Differentiation Mediated by Biomaterials/Surfaces
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Alternatives
8.3 Biomaterials as an Artificial Extracellular Matrix
8.3.1 Extracellular Matrix
8.3.2 Natural ECM and Artificial ECM
8.3.2.1 Synthesized Hydrogels
8.3.2.2 Degradable Polymers
8.3.2.3 Recombinant Artificial ECM
8.4 The Influence of Biomaterials/Surfaces on Stem Cell Differentiation
8.4.1 Surface Topography
8.4.1.1 Surface Structure and Two-Dimensional Organization
8.4.1.2 Designing Surface Topology for the Third Dimension
8.4.1.3 Regulation of Stem Cells by Surface Nanotopography
8.4.2 Porosity and Pore Size
8.4.2.1 Macropores
8.4.2.2 Micropores
8.4.2.3 Mesopores/Nanopores
8.4.3 Surface Stiffness
8.4.4 Chemical Properties
8.4.4.1 Physiological Processes of Cell-Material Interaction
8.4.4.2 Effects of Elemental Composition on Stem Cell Behaviors
8.4.4.3 Effects of Functional Groups on Stem Cell Behaviors
8.4.4.4 Effects of Biochemical Functionalization on Stem Cell Behaviors
8.4.5 Multiscale Hierarchical Structure
8.4.5.1 Hierarchical Pore Sizes Structure
8.4.5.2 Hierarchical Porosity Structure
8.4.5.3 Hierarchical Surface Structure
8.5 Delivery of Bioactive Agents
8.5.1 Growth Factors
8.5.2 Brief Introduction of BMPs
8.5.3 Mass Production of rhBMP-2
8.5.4 Immobilization of Growth Factors
8.5.4.1 Immobilization Approach of Growth Factors
8.5.4.2 The Influence of Surface Properties on the Activity of Growth Factors
8.5.5 Influence of Ions on rhBMP-2 and Stem Cell Differentiation
8.5.5.1 The Influence of Various Ions on the Activity of rhBMP-2 to Induce the Osteogenic Differentiation
8.5.5.2 Influence of Various Ions on the Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells
8.5.6 Influences of Other Molecules on rhBMP-2 and Stem Cell Differentiation
8.5.6.1 Interactions Between GAG Sugars and BMP-2
8.5.6.2 Dexamethasone/Ascorbic Acid/Glycerolphosphate (DAG)
8.5.6.3 Extracellular Antagonists of BMP-2
8.5.6.4 Interplay Between BMP-2 and Other Cytokines
8.6 Future Perspectives
References
Part III: Regeneration of Some Clinic-Targeted Tissues
Chapter 9: Cartilage Regeneration
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Traditional Cell-Loaded Constructs for Cartilage Regeneration
9.2.1 Biomaterials for Cartilage Regeneration
9.2.1.1 Natural Materials
9.2.1.2 Synthetic Materials
9.2.2 Cells for Cartilage Regeneration
9.2.2.1 Chondrocytes
9.2.2.2 Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells (BMSCs)
9.2.2.3 Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs)
9.2.2.4 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
9.2.2.5 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
9.2.2.6 Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs)
9.2.2.7 Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UCMSCs)
9.2.2.8 Other Cells
9.2.3 Bioactive Signals for Cartilage Regeneration
9.2.3.1 TGF-β
9.2.3.2 IGFs
9.2.3.3 BMPs
9.2.3.4 FGF-2
9.2.3.5 PDGF
9.2.3.6 Exosomes (Exos)
9.2.3.7 Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)
9.2.4 Methods for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
9.2.4.1 Preculture In Vitro for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
9.2.4.2 Regeneration of Cartilage Defects In Situ
9.3 Cell-Free Constructs for Cartilage Regeneration In Situ
9.4 Simultaneous Regeneration of Cartilage and Subchondral Bone
9.5 Histological Grading of Cartilage
9.6 Challenges and Perspectives
References
Chapter 10: Skin Regeneration
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials for Skin Regeneration
10.2.1 Natural Materials
10.2.2 Synthetic Polymers
10.3 Scaffold Design for Skin Regeneration
10.3.1 Porous Scaffolds
10.3.2 Hydrogel
10.4 Biofunctionalization of Skin Regeneration Scaffolds
10.4.1 Growth Factors
10.4.2 Genes
10.4.3 Cytokines
10.5 Important Challenges and Strategies
10.5.1 Angiogenesis
10.5.2 Scarring
10.5.3 Appendages
10.5.4 In Situ Skin Regeneration
10.5.5 On-Demand Therapy of Skin Defect
10.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 11: Regeneration of Blood Vessels
11.1 Introduction: Overview of Vascular Grafts and Key Challenges
11.1.1 Endothelialization of Vascular Grafts
11.1.2 Restenosis of Vascular Grafts
11.1.3 Anticoagulation Functions of Vascular Grafts
11.1.4 Calcification of Vascular Grafts
11.1.5 Animal Models for the Assessment of Vascular Grafts
11.2 Selection of Polymers for Vascular Grafts
11.2.1 Synthetic Polymers
11.2.1.1 ePTFE
11.2.1.2 PCL
11.2.1.3 PLCL
11.2.1.4 PGA
11.2.1.5 PGS
11.2.2 Natural Polymers
11.2.2.1 Collagen
11.2.2.2 Elastin
11.2.2.3 Fibrin
11.2.2.4 Hyaluronic Acid
11.2.2.5 Chitosan
11.2.2.6 Silk Fibroin
11.2.2.7 Extracellular Matrix-Based Vascular Grafts
11.2.3 Synthetic-Natural Polymer Hybrid Grafts
11.2.3.1 Synthetic Polymer Sheath-Reinforced Grafts
11.2.3.2 Synthetic-Natural Polymer Blends and Layered Grafts
Gelatin and Collagen Blends and Layers
Fibrin Blends
Chitosan Blends and Layers
Silk Fibroin Blends and Layers
11.2.3.3 Synthetic Polymer-Reinforced Biotubes
11.3 Fabrication of Polymeric Vascular Graft Scaffolds
11.3.1 Electrospinning
11.3.2 Melt Spinning
11.3.3 Mold Pouring
11.3.4 3D Bioprinting
11.3.5 Particle Leaching
11.3.6 Phase Separation
11.3.7 Solution Blow Spinning
11.4 Functional Modification of Vascular Grafts
11.4.1 Nitric Oxide-Releasing Materials
11.4.2 Antibody and Peptide Modification
11.4.3 Incorporation of Growth Factors
11.4.4 Incorporation of Nucleic Acids
References
Chapter 12: Myocardial Tissue Repair and Regeneration
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Restoration of Oxygen Supply
12.2.1 Oxygen Production In Situ
12.2.2 Increasing Blood Supply
12.3 Mechanical Support
12.3.1 Decreasing Mechanical Load
12.3.2 Assisting Cardiac Output
12.4 Restoration of Electrical Signal Conduction
12.4.1 Conductive Injectates
12.4.2 Conductive Epicardial Bridges
12.5 Mediation of Inflammation, Immune Responses, and Metabolism
12.5.1 Suppressing Inflammation
12.5.2 Mediating Immune Responses
12.5.3 Regulating Metabolic Activities
12.6 Promotion of Cardiac Regeneration
12.6.1 Delivery of Cardiac Cells Using Biomaterials
12.6.2 Delivery of Bioactive Factors
12.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Nerve Regeneration
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Intrinsic Behavior of Axon Following Nerve Injury
13.2.1 Pathology of Injured Neurons and Their Microenvironment
13.2.1.1 The Pathophysiology of Nerve Injury
13.2.1.2 Features of Pathological Microenvironments in Nerve Injury
Excitotoxicity
Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response
Neurogenesis Inhibitor
13.2.2 Brief Regeneration Process Description
13.2.2.1 Growth Cone Formation
13.2.2.2 Extension of Regenerating Axons
13.2.2.3 Role of Neural Signals
13.3 PNS Therapeutic Strategies
13.3.1 Design of the Nerve Guide Conduits
13.3.1.1 Single Hollow NGCs
13.3.1.2 Optimizing the Hollow NGCs
Multichannel NGCs
Intraluminal Guidance Structures
Luminal Wall Improvement
Combination Strategy
13.3.2 Materials of the Nerve Guide Conduits
13.3.2.1 Synthetic Materials
13.3.2.2 Natural Materials
13.3.2.3 Composite Materials
13.3.3 Tissue-Engineered Nerve Grafts (TENGs)
13.4 CNS Therapeutic Strategies
13.4.1 Inflammatory-Regulating Biomaterials
13.4.2 Bioactive Protein/Peptide Signals Regulation Biomaterials
13.4.2.1 Removal of Inhibitory Molecules
Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC)
Intracellular Sigma Peptide (ISP)
13.4.2.2 Increasing Neurotrophic Factors
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (b-FGF)
13.4.3 Biomaterials for Regulating Cells
13.5 Challenges and Perspectives
References