Polymer Matrix Composite Materials: Structural and Functional Applications

✍ Scribed by Ratna D., Chakraborty B.C.

• Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 434
• Series: De Gruyter STEM
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book provides accessible and comprehensive information on polymer matrix composites. It presents the basic concept of design of composite materials. It includes chapters on materials testing and characterization, such as mechanical testing and thermal analysis, and lifetime prediction. It discusses both structural and functional applications.
Offers comprehensive information on processing, properties and applications polymer matrix composites.
Presents and reviews the recent development in the field e.g. damage tolerant composites, biocomposites, additive manufacturing.
Includes latest techniques of performance evaluation and life time assessment of composite materials.
Offers comprehensive information on processing, properties and applications polymer matrix composites.
Presents and reviews the recent development in the field e.g. damage tolerant composites, biocomposites, additive manufacturing.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Polymer Matrix Composite Materials: Structural and Functional Applications
Copyright
Preface
Contents
About the authors
1. Introduction to composite materials
Description of abbreviations
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Classification of composites
1.1.2 Constituents of polymer composites
1.2 Polymer matrices
1.2.1 Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN)
1.2.2 Ionomeric elastomers
1.2.2.1 Covalently crosslinked elastomer
1.2.2.2 Ionic elastomer
1.2.2.3 Reprocessable thermoset
1.2.2.4 Vitrimer
1.3 Reinforcement
1.3.1 Natural fibres
1.4 Strength and toughness of composites
1.4.1 Tensile cracking
1.4.2 Interlaminar stresses
1.4.3 Prediction of strength and toughness
1.5 Fracture mechanics
1.5.1 Fracture toughness
1.5.1.1 Compliance calibration
1.5.1.2 Example
1.5.1.3 Mode-II fracture toughness: End Notch Flexure
1.5.1.4 Example
1.5.1.5 Toughening methods
1.5.1.6 Mode-I and III fracture with crack orientation
1.5.2 Environmental stress cracking (ESC)
1.5.2.1 Factors affecting ESC
1.5.2.2 ESC of composites
References
2. Thermoplastic matrix composites (TMC)
Abbreviations
2.1 Thermoplastic polymer
2.2 Particulate thermoplastic composite
2.2.1 Effect of filler: mechanical property
2.2.2 Effect of filler: thermal conductivity
2.2.3 Example
2.2.4 Electrical properties
2.3 Short-fibre composite
2.3.1 Mathematical models
2.3.2 Example
2.3.3 Natural short-fibre composites
2.3.4 Bio-degradable composites
2.4 Nanocomposite
2.4.1 Thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposite
2.5 Rheological properties
2.5.1 Thermoplastic melts
2.5.2 Rheology of thermoplastic composites
2.5.3 Mathematical models
2.5.4 Example
2.6 Processing
2.6.1 Extrusion
2.6.2 Blow moulding
2.6.3 Fibre spinning
2.6.4 Additive manufacturing
2.7 Conclusion
References
3. Thermosetting polymer-based composites
Description of abbreviations
3.1 Thermoset matrix
3.1.1 General-purpose resins
3.1.1.1 Unsaturated polyester resin
3.1.1.2 Epoxy resins
3.1.1.3 Vinyl ester resin
3.1.2 High-temperature resin
3.1.2.1 Phenolic resin
3.1.2.2 Benzoxazine resin
3.1.2.3 Polyimides
3.1.2.4 Bismaleimide resin
3.1.2.5 Cyanate ester resin
3.1.2.6 Phthalonitrile resins
3.2 Kinetics of thermoset curing
3.2.1 Isoconversion kinetics
3.2.1.1 Friedman’s method
3.2.1.2 Kissinger method
3.2.2 Integral form of model-free kinetics
3.2.2.1 Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method
3.2.2.2 Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method
3.2.2.3 Starink method
3.2.3 Advanced isoconversion models
3.2.3.1 Pre-exponential factor
3.2.3.2 Model fitting
3.2.3.3 Case study
3.2.4 Prediction of Tg
3.3 Classification of thermoset composites
3.4 Processing of FRP composites
3.4.1 Wet lay-up moulding
3.4.2 Resin transfer moulding
3.4.3 Pultrusion
3.4.4 Filament winding
3.4.5 Resin film infusion bolding
3.4.6 Autoclave moulding
3.5 Toughened thermoset composites
3.6 Thermoset nanocomposites
References
4. Elastomer-based composites
Description of abbreviations
4.1 Elastomer matrices
4.2 Particulate rubber composite
4.2.1 Carbon black
4.2.2 Graphite
4.2.3 Mineral particulate fillers
4.3 Properties of particulate composites
4.3.1 Hardness
4.3.2 Elastic modulus
4.3.3 Filler effect on reinforcement
4.4 Short fibre rubber composites
4.4.1 Mathematical predictions
4.4.2 Examples
4.5 Steel chord reinforced rubber composite
4.5.1 Adhesion of steel cord to rubber
4.5.2 Mathematical models
4.5.3 Examples
4.6 Elastomer nanocomposite
4.6.1 Elastomer/nanoclay composites
4.6.2 Elastomer/carbon nanotube composites
4.6.3 Elastomer/graphene nanocomposites
4.7 Rheology of elastomer composites
4.7.1 Viscoelastic properties
4.7.2 Dynamic viscoelasticity
4.7.3 Effect of filler inclusion
4.8 Processing of elastomer composites
4.9 Application of elastomer composite
4.9.1 Vibration damping
4.9.2 EMI shielding and absorbing elastomer
4.9.3 Examples
4.10 Conclusion
References
5. Smart composites
Description of abbreviations
5.1 Self-healing Composites
5.2 Smart structural composites
5.2.1 Passive constrained layer damping (PCLD)
5.2.1.1 Active control system
5.2.1.2 Active-passive constrained layer damping (APCLD)
5.2.2 Magnetic CLD
5.2.3 Structural health monitoring (SHM)
5.3 Electrically conducting composites
5.3.1 EMI shielding
5.3.2 Microwave-absorbing composites
5.4 Application of smart composites
5.4.1 Biomedical application
5.4.2 Industrial application
5.4.3 Application in defence
5.5 Conclusions
References
6. Experimental techniques
Description of abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Mechanical testing
6.2.1 Universal testing machine (UTM)
6.2.2 Tensile test
6.2.3 Flexure test
6.2.3.1 Stress and strain in a three-point bending test
6.2.3.2 Stress and strain in four-point bending test
6.2.4 Compression test
6.2.5 Shear test
6.2.5.1 The short beam shear test for composite material
6.2.5.2 In-plane shear testing of FRP composites
6.2.5.3 Shear and bond strength test for plastics and rubber composites
6.2.6 Stress, strain and modulus in shear
6.3 Impact testing
6.3.1 Izod and Charpy tests
6.3.2 Drop weight impact test
6.3.3 Post-impact testing
6.3.3.1 Compression test
6.3.3.2 Buckling tests
6.4 Dynamic mechanical analysis
6.5 Thermal analysis
6.5.1 Differential thermal analysis (DTA)
6.5.2 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
6.5.3 Thermomechanical analysis (TMA)
6.5.4 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
6.5.5 Dielectric analysis (DEA)
6.6 Morphological study
6.6.1 Light microscopy
6.6.2 Scanning electron microscopy
6.6.3 Transmission electron microscope
6.6.4 X-ray diffraction analysis
6.7 Conclusion
References
7. Lifetime estimation of polymer matrix composite
Description of abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physical ageing and life estimation
7.2.1 Basic features
7.2.2 Example of creep
7.2.3 Relaxation spectra
7.2.4 Theory of physical ageing
7.2.5 Example
7.2.6 Conclusion
7.3 Chemical ageing
7.3.1 Thermal degradation kinetics
7.3.2 Isoconversion kinetics
7.3.3 Differential form of isoconversion kinetics
7.3.3.1 Friedman method
7.3.3.2 Freeman-Carroll method
7.3.4 Peak rate method
7.3.4.1 Kissinger method
7.3.4.2 Kim and Park method
7.3.5 Integral form of isoconversion model-free kinetics
7.3.5.1 Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method
7.3.5.2 Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method
7.3.5.3 Starink method
7.3.5.4 Coats and Redfern method
7.3.5.5 Phadnis-Deshpande method
7.3.6 Advanced isoconversion kinetics
7.3.6.1 Vyazovkin method
7.3.6.2 Cai and Chen method
7.3.6.3 Budrugeac method
7.3.7 Accuracy of kinetics analysis
7.3.8 Estimation of lifetime
7.3.9 Example
7.3.10 Conclusion on predictive Lifetime
7.4 Lifetime estimation by creep and relaxation
7.4.1 Stress relaxation and creep
7.4.2 Time-temperature superposition models
7.4.3 Time-temperature-stress superposition
7.4.4 Time-temperature superposition in stress relaxation
7.4.5 Shift factor
7.4.6 Master curve
7.4.7 Lifetime prediction
7.4.8 Critical considerations
7.4.9 Creep strain
7.4.10 Creep study: master curve
7.4.11 Life estimation from creep
7.4.12 Ageing study under stress
7.4.13 Bailey Criteria
7.4.14 Lifetime estimation
7.4.15 Example
7.4.16 Solution
7.4.17 Conclusion
References
Index