Pharmacology and the Nursing Process

✍ Scribed by Linda Lane Lilley RN PhD, Shelly Rainforth Collins PharmD, Julie S. Snyder MSN RN-BC

• Publisher: Mosby
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 963
• Edition: 10
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Gain the pharmacology knowledge and skills you need to administer medications safely! Pharmacology and the Nursing Process, 10th Edition provides practical, easy-to-use pharmacology information, emphasizing the application of the nursing process and prioritization throughout the book. Coverage begins with pharmacology basics, then discusses drugs by body systems and drug functions. Hundreds of full-color illustrations show how drugs work in the body and depict key steps in medication administration. Written by pharmacology experts Linda Lane Lilley, Shelly Rainforth Collins, and Julie S. Snyder, this bestselling textbook makes it easy to understand and apply pharmacology concepts and provide safe, quality nursing care.

• Focus on need-to-know information includes discussions of what nurses may encounter during drug administration in a variety of health care settings, providing accounts of real-life medication errors and tips for avoiding those errors.
• The Nursing Process is applied to each category of drugs, ensuring that you administer medications accurately and safely, and includes the steps of assessment, human need statements, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
• Emphasis on drug classes describes key similarities and differences among the drugs in each class, making it easier to understand how individual drugs work in the body.
• Consistent presentation for each drug group includes the mechanism of action, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, interactions, and dosages, concluding with drug profiles of individual drugs in the class or group.
• High-alert icons identify medications that pose a greater risk to patient safety.
• Focus on prioritization includes prioritized nursing diagnoses along with a corresponding prioritization of goals and outcomes, to help you learn to connect nursing diagnoses with goals and outcomes.
• Ease of readability makes difficult content more understandable.
• Photo atlas features more than 100 drawings and photographs showing drug administration techniques.
• Dosages tables summarize generic and trade names, pharmacologic class, normal dosage ranges, and indications for the drugs.
• Learning features at the beginning of each chapter include objectives and key terms, and at the end of each chapter, key points, critical thinking questions, review questions, and a list of resources available on the Evolve website.
• QSEN coverage includes the use of human need theory with human need statements, case studies featuring collaboration and teamwork content, Preventing Medication Errors boxes, and a discussion of the QSEN initiative as it relates to the safety and quality of patient care.

• NEW! Updated drug content reflects the latest FDA drug approvals, withdrawals, and therapeutic uses, and includes updated nursing content.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
IFC
BRIEF CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Pharmacology and the Nursing Process
Copyright
Contributors to Teaching/Learning Resources
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
TO THE STUDENT
NURSING PROCESS
Assessment
Human Need Statements
Planning: Outcome Identification
Implementation
Evaluation
VOCABULARY
TEXT NOTATION
ENHANCED TYPEFACE
STUDY TIME
LEARNING STYLES
USE OF APPLICATIONS
FLASH CARDS
STUDY GROUPS
CHAT ROOMS AND DISCUSSION GROUPS
TIME MANAGEMENT
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOLOGY AND MAKING CONNECTIONS
STUDYING FOR TESTS
TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
FUTURE APPLICATION
IFC
1 -
Pharmacology Basics
1 -
The Nursing Process and Drug Therapy
ASSESSMENT
Analysis of Data
IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN NEED STATEMENTS
PLANNING: OUTCOME IDENTIFICATION
IMPLEMENTATION
Nine Rights of Medication Administration
Right Drug
Right Dose
Right Time
Right Route and Form
Right Patient
Right Documentation
Right Reason or Indication
Right Response
Right to Refuse
Medication Errors
EVALUATION
REFERENCES
2 - Pharmacologic Principles
OVERVIEW
PHARMACEUTICS
PHARMACOKINETICS
Absorption
. Drugs administered by the sublingual route are absorbed into the highly vascularized tissue under the tongue—the oral mucosa. ...
. Injections into the fatty subcutaneous tissues under the dermal layer of skin are referred to as subcutaneous injections. Inje...
. Transdermal drug delivery through adhesive patches is an elaborate topical route of drug administration that is commonly used ...
. Inhalation is another type of topical drug administration. Inhaled drugs are delivered to the lungs as micrometer-
sized drug ...
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Half-
Life
Onset, Peak, and Duration
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Mechanism of Action
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
Acute Therapy
Maintenance Therapy
Supplemental Therapy
Palliative Therapy
Supportive Therapy
Prophylactic Therapy and Empirical Therapy
Monitoring
PHARMACOGNOSY
PHARMACOECONOMICS
TOXICOLOGY
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
3 -
Lifespan Considerations
DRUG THERAPY DURING BREASTFEEDING
CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC PATIENTS
Physiology and Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Dosage Calculations for Pediatric Patients
CONSIDERATIONS FOR OLDER ADULT PATIENTS
ISSUES IN CLINICAL DRUG USE IN THE OLDER ADULT
Physiologic Changes
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Problematic Medications for the Older Adult
?Nursing Process
?Assessment
?Human Need Statements
?Planning: Outcome Identification
?Implementation
?Evaluation
REFERENCES
4 -
Cultural, Legal, and Ethical Considerations
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
Influence of Ethnicity and Genetics on Drug Response
Cultural Considerations Related to Drug Therapy and Nursing Practice
LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
US Drug and Related Legislation
New Drug Development
US Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval Process
Preclinical Investigational Drug Studies
Four Clinical Phases of Investigational Drug Studies
. Phase I studies usually involve small numbers of healthy subjects rather than those who have the disease that the new drug is ...
. Phase II studies involve small numbers of volunteers who have the disease that the drug is designed to diagnose or treat. Stud...
. Phase III studies involve large numbers of patients who are followed by medical research centers and other types of health car...
. Phase IV studies are postmarketing studies that are voluntarily conducted by pharmaceutical companies to obtain further proof ...
Legal Considerations Related to Drug Therapy and Nursing Practice
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AS RELATED TO DRUG THERAPY AND NURSING PRACTICE
?Nursing Process
?Assessment
Maintaining Health
Protecting Health
Restoring Health
?Human Need Statements
?Planning: Outcome Identification
?Implementation
?Evaluation
REFERENCES
5 -
Medication Errors: Preventing and Responding
MEDICATION ERRORS
ISSUES CONTRIBUTING TO ERRORS
Preventing Medication Errors
Responding to, Reporting, and Documenting Medication Errors
Notification of Patients Regarding Errors
Possible Consequences of Medication Errors
ERRORS RELATED TO THE TRANSITION OF CARE
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
6 -
Patient Education and Drug Therapy
OVERVIEW
ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING NEEDS RELATED TO DRUG THERAPY
HUMAN NEED STATEMENTS RELATED TO LEARNING NEEDS AND DRUG THERAPY
PLANNING: OUTCOME IDENTIFICATION AS RELATED TO LEARNING NEEDS AND DRUG THERAPY
IMPLEMENTATION RELATED TO PATIENT EDUCATION AND DRUG THERAPY
EVALUATION OF PATIENT TEACHING RELATED TO DRUG THERAPY
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
7 - Over-the-Counter Drugs and Herbal and Dietary Supplements
OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS
HERBALS AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
History
Consumer Use of Dietary Supplements
Safety
Level of Use
?Nursing Process
?Assessment
Over-the-Counter Drugs
Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements
?Human Need Statements
?Planning: Outcome Identification
?Implementation
?Evaluation
REFERENCES
8 -
Gene Therapy and Pharmacogenomics
OVERVIEW
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GENETIC INHERITANCE
DISCOVERY, STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTION OF DNA
Protein Synthesis
Human Genome Project
GENE THERAPY
Background
Regulatory and Ethical Issues Regarding Gene Therapy
PHARMACOGENETICS AND PHARMACOGENOMICS
APPLICATION OF THE NURSING PROCESS AS RELATED TO GENETIC PRINCIPLES
REFERENCES
9 -
Photo Atlas of Drug Administration
PREPARING FOR DRUG ADMINISTRATION
ENTERAL DRUGS
Administering Oral Drugs
Administering Drugs Through a Nasogastric or Gastrostomy Tube
Administering Rectal Drugs
PARENTERAL DRUGS
Preparing for Parenteral Drug Administration
Removing Medications From Ampules
Removing Medications From Vials
Injections Overview
Intradermal Injections
Subcutaneous Injections
Intramuscular Injections
Preparing Intravenous Medications
Infusions of Intravenous Piggyback Medications
Intravenous Push Medications
TOPICAL DRUGS
Administering Eye Medications
Administering Eardrops
Administering Inhaled Drugs
Administering Medications to the Skin
Administering Nasal Medications
Administering Vaginal Medications
REFERENCES
2 -
Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System
10 - Analgesic Drugs
OVERVIEW
TREATMENT OF PAIN IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
OPIOID DRUGS
Chemical Structure
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Laboratory Test Interactions
Dosages
Opioid Agonists
Opioid Agonists-Antagonists
Opioid Antagonists
NONOPIOID AND MISCELLANEOUS ANALGESICS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
DRUG PROFILES
NONOPIOIDS
Opioids
Opioid Agonists-Antagonists
Opioid Antagonists
Nonopioids
Opioids
Opioid Agonists-Antagonists
Opioid Antagonist
General Considerations
REFERENCES
11 - General and Local Anesthetics
OVERVIEW
GENERAL ANESTHETICS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
nitrous oxide
sevoflurane
DRUGS FOR MODERATE SEDATION
LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
lidocaine
NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs
Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs
?Nursing Process
12 - Central Nervous System Depressants and Muscle Relaxants
12
OVERVIEW
PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP
BENZODIAZEPINES AND MISCELLANEOUS HYPNOTIC DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Benzodiazepines
Nonbenzodiazepines
Orexin Receptor Antagonists
BARBITURATES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
OVER-THE-COUNTER HYPNOTICS
MUSCLE RELAXANTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
?Nursing Process
13 -
Central Nervous System Stimulants and Related Drugs
Overview
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
NARCOLEPSY
OBESITY
MIGRAINE
ANALEPTIC-RESPONSIVE RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION SYNDROMES
DRUGS FOR ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND NARCOLEPSY
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
?DRUG PROFILES
Amphetamines and Related Stimulants
ANOREXIANTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
ANTIMIGRAINE DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Serotonin Receptor Agonists
Ergot Alkaloids
DRUGS FOR SPECIFIC RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION SYNDROMES: ANALEPTICS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
INDICATIONS
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
REFERENCES
14 -
Antiepileptic Drugs
EPILEPSY
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Barbiturates
Hydantoins
Iminostilbenes
Succinimide
Miscellaneous Drugs
REFERENCES
15 - Antiparkinson Drugs
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE
TREATMENT OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
rasagiline and selegiline
DOPAMINE MODULATOR
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Drug Effects
Drug Interactions
Dosage
amantadine
CATECHOL ORTHO-METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
entacapone
DIRECT-ACTING DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS
NONDOPAMINE DOPAMINE RECEPTOR AGONISTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
bromocriptine
pramipexole
DOPAMINE REPLACEMENT DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
carbidopa-levodopa
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS
?Nursing Process
?Assessment
?Implementation
REFERENCES
16 - Psychotherapeutic Drugs
OVERVIEW
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
Benzodiazepines
alprazolam
diazepam
lorazepam
Miscellaneous Drug
buspirone
AFFECTIVE DISORDERS
MOOD-STABILIZING DRUGS
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
amitriptyline
MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS
SECOND-GENERATION ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
bupropion
citalopram
duloxetine
fluoxetine
mirtazapine
trazodone
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Butyrophenone
haloperidol
Atypical Antipsychotics
aripiprazole
clozapine
risperidone
Anxiolytic Drugs
Mood-Stabilizing Drugs
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
?Implementation
Anxiolytic Drugs
Mood-Stabilizing Drugs
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
REFERENCES
17 -
Substance Use Disorder
OVERVIEW
OPIOIDS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose
STIMULANTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose
DEPRESSANTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose
ALCOHOL
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose
NICOTINE
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Adverse Effects
Management of Withdrawal, Toxicity, and Overdose
?Nursing Process
?Assessment
REFERENCES
3 -
Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System
18 - Adrenergic Drugs
OVERVIEW
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ADRENERGIC DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Respiratory Indications
Indications for Topical Nasal Decongestants
Ophthalmic Indications
Overactive Bladder Indications
Cardiovascular Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Laboratory Test Interactions
Dosages
Vasoactive Adrenergics
dobutamine
fenoldopam
midodrine
mirabegron
?Assessment
?Implementation
REFERENCES
19 -
Adrenergic-ŁBlocking Drugs
ALPHA BLOCKERS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
phentolamine
tamsulosin
BETA BLOCKERS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
atenolol
carvedilol
esmolol
labetalol
metoprolol
propranolol
sotalol
REFERENCES
20 -
Cholinergic Drugs
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Direct-Acting Drugs
Indirect-Acting Drugs
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
bethanechol
donepezil
memantine
pyridostigmine
21 -
Cholinergic-ŁBlocking Drugs
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cholinergic-Blocking Drugs
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
atropine
dicyclomine
glycopyrrolate
oxybutynin
scopolamine
tolterodine
REFERENCES
4 -
Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular and Renal Systems
22 - Antihypertensive Drugs
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
REVIEW OF AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMISSION
ADRENERGIC DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Alpha2-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulators (Agonists)
Alpha1 Blockers
doxazosin
Dual-Action Alpha1 and Beta Receptor Blockers
Beta Receptor Blocker
nebivolol
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
DIURETICS
VASODILATORS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
MISCELLANEOUS ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
?Assessment
REFERENCES
23 -
Antianginal Drugs
OVERVIEW
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
NITRATES AND NITRITES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
isosorbide dinitrate
isosorbide mononitrate
nitroglycerin
BETA BLOCKERS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
DRUG PROFILES
atenolol
metoprolol
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
diltiazem
amlodipine
Miscellaneous Antianginal Drug
ranolazine
SUMMARY OF ANTIANGINAL PHARMACOLOGY
REFERENCES
24 -
Heart Failure Drugs
OVERVIEW
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
valsartan
valsartan/sacubitril
BETA BLOCKERS
ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS
Miscellaneous Heart Failure Drugs
hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate
dobutamine
ivabradine
PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
milrinone
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
digoxin
digoxin immune fab
?Human Need Statements
REFERENCES
25 - Antidysrhythmic Drugs
DYSRHYTHMIAS AND NORMAL CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
Electrocardiography
Common Dysrhythmias
ANTIDYSRHYTHMIC DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
Class Ia Drugs
procainamide
quinidine
Class Ib Drugs
Class Ic Drugs
flecainide
propafenone
Class II Drugs
atenolol
metoprolol
Class III Drugs
ibutilide
dofetilide
sotalol
Class IV Drugs
diltiazem
verapamil
Unclassified Antidysrhythmic
adenosine
26 - Coagulation Modifier Drugs
OVERVIEW
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
ANTICOAGULANTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
aspirin
clopidogrel
THROMBOLYTIC DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
aminocaproic acid
desmopressin
tranexamic acid
?Implementation
REFERENCES
27 -
Antilipemic Drugs
OVERVIEW
LIPIDS AND LIPID ABNORMALITIES
Primary Forms of Lipids
Cholesterol Homeostasis
ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE FORMATION
CHOLESTEROL AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE
HYPERLIPIDEMIAS AND TREATMENT GUIDELINES
HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL–COENZYME A REDUCTASE (HMG-COA REDUCTASE) INHIBITORS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
BILE ACID SEQUESTRANTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
NIACIN
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
niacin
FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
MISCELLANEOUS ANTILIPEMIC DRUGS
Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor
PSCK-9 INHIBITORS
?Implementation
REFERENCES
28 - Diuretic Drugs
OVERVIEW
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
acetazolamide
LOOP DIURETICS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
SUMMARY OF MAJOR DRUG EFFECTS OF LOOP DIURETICS
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
OSMOTIC DIURETICS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
mannitol
POTASSIUM-
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
spironolactone
THIAZIDES AND THIAZIDE-
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
hydrochlorothiazide
?Nursing Process
REFERENCES
29 -
Fluids and Electrolytes
OVERVIEW
CRYSTALLOIDS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosage
sodium chloride
COLLOIDS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
albumin
dextran
BLOOD PRODUCTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
packed red blood cells
fresh frozen plasma
PHYSIOLOGY OF ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
POTASSIUM
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
sodium polystyrene sulfonate (potassium exchange resin)
SODIUM
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
sodium chloride
conivaptan
?Planning: Outcome Identification
?Implementation
5 -
Drugs Affecting the Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
30 -
Pituitary Drugs
PITUITARY DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
octreotide
somatropin
?Nursing Process
?Implementation
REFERENCES
31 -
Thyroid and Antithyroid Drugs
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
THYROID REPLACEMENT DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
ANTITHYROID DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
propylthiouracil
Planning: Outcome Identification
?Evaluation
REFERENCES
33 -
Adrenal Drugs
ADRENAL SYSTEM
ADRENAL DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Corticosteroids
fludrocortisone
prednisone
methylprednisolone
?Nursing Process
REFERENCES
34 -
Women’s Health Drugs
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS
FEMALE SEX HORMONES
Estrogens
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
estrogen
Progestins
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
medroxyprogesterone
megestrol
CONTRACEPTIVE DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Contraceptive Drugs
DRUGS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
. The bisphosphonates work by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, which in turn indirectly enhances bone mineral den...
. Raloxifene helps prevent osteoporosis by stimulating estrogen receptors on bone and increasing bone density in a manner simila...
. Like the natural thyroid hormone, calcitonin directly inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption
. In contrast to the other therapies described thus far, which inhibit bone resorption, teriparatide was the first drug availabl...
. Denosumab (Prolia) is a monoclonal antibody that blocks osteoclast activation, thereby preventing bone resorption. It is given...
Indications
Contraindications
. Contraindications to bisphosphonate use include known drug allergy, hypocalcemia, esophageal dysfunction, and the inability to...
. The use of SERMs is contraindicated in women with a known drug allergy, in women who are or may become pregnant, and in women ...
. Contraindications to calcitonin use include known drug allergy or allergy to salmon (the drug is salmon derived)
. Contraindications to the use of teriparatide include known drug allergy
. Contraindications to the use of denosumab are hypocalcemia, renal impairment, pregnancy, and infection
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
alendronate
raloxifene
calcitonin
DRUGS RELATED TO PREGNANCY, LABOR, DELIVERY, AND THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD
Fertility Drugs
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
clomiphene
1397256787Uterine Stimulants
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
dinoprostone
methylergonovine
Drugs for Preterm Labor Management
?NURSING PROCESS
35 -
Men’s Health Drugs
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ANDROGENS AND OTHER DRUGS PERTAINING TO MEN’S HEALTH
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
?Nursing Process
Implementation
REFERENCES
6 -
Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System
36 - Antihistamines, Decongestants, Antitussives, and Expectorants
OVERVIEW
ANTIHISTAMINES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Nonsedating Antihistamines
loratadine
Traditional Antihistamines
diphenhydramine
DECONGESTANTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
oxymetazoline
ANTITUSSIVES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
benzonatate
codeine
dextromethorphan
EXPECTORANTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
guaifenesin
?Implementation
REFERENCES
37 -
Respiratory Drugs
OVERVIEW
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
BRONCHODILATORS
BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
albuterol
salmeterol
ANTICHOLINERGICS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Drug Interactions
Dosages
ipratropium
XANTHINE DERIVATIVES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
theophylline
NONBRONCHODILATING RESPIRATORY DRUGS
LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
montelukast
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
fluticasone propionate
methylprednisolone
PHOSPHODIESTERASE-4 INHIBITOR
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY ANTIASTHMATICS
REFERENCES
7 -
Antiinfective and Antiinflammatory Drugs
38 - Antibiotics Part 1
MICROBIAL INFECTION
Health Care–Associated Infection
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
ANTIBIOTICS
SULFONAMIDES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (co-trimoxazole)
BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS
PENICILLINS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Natural Penicillins
penicillin G and penicillin V potassium
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins
nafcillin
Aminopenicillins
amoxicillin
ampicillin
Extended-Spectrum Penicillins
CEPHALOSPORINS
Dosages
DRUG PROFILES
First-Generation Cephalosporins
cefazolin
cephalexin
Second-Generation Cephalosporins
cefoxitin
cefuroxime
Third-Generation Cephalosporins
ceftriaxone
ceftazidime
Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins
cefepime
Fifth-Generation Cephalosporins
ceftaroline
CARBAPENEMS
MONOBACTAMS
MACROLIDES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
erythromycin
azithromycin and clarithromycin
TETRACYCLINES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
demeclocycline
doxycycline
tigecycline
?NURSING PROCESS
?1397256787Planning: Outcome Identification
REFERENCES
39 -
Antibiotics Part 2
OVERVIEW
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RESISTANT INFECTIONS
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
amikacin
gentamicin
tobramycin
neomycin
QUINOLONES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
ciprofloxacin
levofloxacin
MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTICS
clindamycin
colistimethate
daptomycin
linezolid
metronidazole
nitrofurantoin
quinupristin and dalfopristin
telavancin
vancomycin
?NURSING PROCESS
?1397256787Human Need Statements
REFERENCES
40 - Antiviral Drugs
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VIROLOGY
OVERVIEW OF VIRAL ILLNESSES AND THEIR TREATMENT
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS AND VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTIONS
Herpes Simplex Viruses
Varicella-Zoster Virus
HEPATITIS
ANTIVIRALS (NON–HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS)
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
amantadine and rimantadine
acyclovir
entecavir
ganciclovir
oseltamivir and zanamivir
ribavirin
sofosbuvir
HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
DRUGS USED TO TREAT HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
enfuvirtide
indinavir
maraviroc
nevirapine
raltegravir
tenofovir
zidovudine
CORONAVIRUS
?NURSING PROCESS
Implementation
REFERENCES
41 -
Antitubercular Drugs
ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
bedaquiline
ethambutol
isoniazid
pyrazinamide
rifabutin
rifampin
rifapentine
streptomycin
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
42 -
Antifungal Drugs
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
amphotericin B
caspofungin
fluconazole
nystatin
terbinafine
voriconazole
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
43 -
Antimalarial, Antiprotozoal, and Anthelmintic Drugs
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MALARIA
ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
mefloquine
primaquine
pyrimethamine
OTHER PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS
ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
atovaquone
metronidazole
pentamidine
HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS
ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
praziquantel
pyrantel
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
44 -
Antiinflammatory and Antigout Drugs
OVERVIEW
NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
Salicylates
aspirin
Acetic Acid Derivatives
indomethacin
ketorolac
ibuprofen
Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors
celecoxib
Enolic Acid Derivatives
ANTIGOUT DRUGS
allopurinol
colchicine
lesinurad
probenecid
?NURSING PROCESS
?Evaluation
REFERENCES
8 -
Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Biologic and Immune Modifiers
45 -
Antineoplastic Drugs Part 1: Cancer Overview and Cell Cycle–Specific Drugs
OVERVIEW
Etiology of Cancer
Age-Related and Sex-Related Differences
Genetic and Ethnic Factors
Oncogenic Pathogens
Occupational and Environmental Carcinogens
Radiation
Immunologic Factors
Cell Growth Cycle
Cancer Drug Nomenclature
TARGETED DRUG THERAPY
CELL CYCLE–SPECIFIC ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS
Antimetabolites
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
. The antimetabolite methotrexate is an analogue of folic acid. It inhibits the action of dihydrofolate reductase, an enzyme res...
. The purine bases present in DNA and RNA are adenine and guanine (see the discussion in Chapter 46), and they are required for ...
. The pyrimidine bases cytosine and thymine occur in the structure of DNA molecules, and cytosine and uracil are part of the str...
Indications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Folate Antagonist
methotrexate
Purine Antagonists
cladribine
fludarabine
Pyrimidine Antagonists
capecitabine
cytarabine
fluorouracil
gemcitabine
Mitotic Inhibitors
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Adverse Effects
. Most of the mitotic inhibitor antineoplastics are administered intravenously, and extravasation of these drugs is potentially ...
Interactions
Alkaloid Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
Selected Mitotic Inhibitors and Etoposide
etoposide
paclitaxel
vincristine
Topoisomerase I Inhibitors
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
irinotecan
topotecan
Antineoplastic Enzymes
Indications
Interactions
Adverse Effects
asparaginase
pegaspargase
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
46 -
Antineoplastic Drugs Part 2: Cell Cycle–Nonspecific and Miscellaneous Drugs
OVERVIEW
CELL CYCLE–NONSPECIFIC ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS
Alkylating Drugs
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
cisplatin
cyclophosphamide
mechlorethamine
Cytotoxic Antibiotic Antineoplastic Drugs
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Adverse Effects
. Severe cases of cardiomyopathy are associated with large cumulative doses of doxorubicin. Routine monitoring of cardiac functi...
Interactions
doxorubicin
mitoxantrone
MISCELLANEOUS ANTINEOPLASTICS
bevacizumab
hydroxyurea
imatinib
mitotane
octreotide
HORMONAL ANTINEOPLASTICS
REFERENCES
47 - Biologic Response–Modifying and Antirheumatic Drugs
OVERVIEW OF IMMUNOMODULATORS
Immune System
Humoral Immune System
Cell-Mediated Immune System
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
Hematopoietic Drugs
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
filgrastim
sargramostim
Interferons
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Interferon Alfa Products
interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2b, interferon alfa-n3, peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b
Interferon Beta Products
interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b
Interferon Gamma Product
interferon gamma-1b
Monoclonal Antibodies
Mechanism of Action, Drug Effects, and Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
adalimumab
alemtuzumab
belimumab
bevacizumab
certolizumab
cetuximab
golimumab
ibritumomab
infliximab
natalizumab
rituximab
trastuzumab
Interleukins and Related Drugs
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
aldesleukin
anakinra
tocilizumab
secukinumab
Miscellaneous Immunomodulating Drugs
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Arthritis Drugs
Mechanism of Action, Indications, and Adverse Effects
Contraindications
abatacept
etanercept
leflunomide
methotrexate
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
48 -
Immunosuppressant Drugs
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
azathioprine
basiliximab
cyclosporine
glatiramer acetate
mycophenolate mofetil
sirolimus and tacrolimus
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
49 - Immunizing Drugs
IMMUNITY AND IMMUNIZATION
Active Immunization
Toxoids
Vaccines
Passive Immunization
IMMUNIZING DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Active Immunizing Drugs
diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (adsorbed)
Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine
hepatitis B virus vaccine (inactivated)
influenza virus vaccine
measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine (live)
meningococcal vaccine
pneumococcal vaccine, polyvalent and 13-
poliovirus vaccine (inactivated)
rabies virus vaccine
human papillomavirus vaccine
herpes zoster vaccine
varicella virus vaccine
Passive Immunizing Drugs
hepatitis B immunoglobulin
immunoglobulin
Rh0(D) immunoglobulin
rabies immunoglobulin
tetanus immunoglobulin
varicella-
?Nursing Process
REFERENCES
9 -
Drugs Affecting the Gastrointestinal System and Nutrition
50 -
Acid-Controlling Drugs
OVERVIEW
ACID-RELATED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Antacids
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
antacids, general
H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
cimetidine
famotidine
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
INTERACTIONS
Dosages
omeprazole
lansoprazole
pantoprazole
MISCELLANEOUS ACID-CONTROLLING DRUGS
sucralfate
misoprostol
simethicone
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
51 -
Bowel Disorder Drugs
ANTIDIARRHEALS
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND DRUG EFFECTS
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Adsorbents
bismuth subsalicylate
Anticholinergics
belladonna alkaloid combinations
Opiates
diphenoxylate with atropine
loperamide
Probiotics
Lactobacillus
LAXATIVES
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Bulk-Forming Laxatives
methylcellulose
psyllium
Emollient Laxatives
docusate salts
mineral oil
Hyperosmotic Laxatives
glycerin
lactulose
polyethylene glycol 3350
Saline Laxatives
magnesium salts
Stimulant Laxatives
bisacodyl
senna
DRUGS FOR IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
52 -
Antiemetic and Antinausea Drugs
ANTIEMETIC DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Anticholinergic Drugs
Antihistamines
Antidopaminergic Drugs
Neurokinin Blockers
Prokinetic Drugs
Serotonin Blockers
Tetrahydrocannabinoids
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Anticholinergic
scopolamine
Antihistamines
meclizine
Antidopaminergics
prochlorperazine
Neurokinin Receptor Antagonists
aprepitant
Prokinetic Drugs
metoclopramide
Serotonin Blockers
ondansetron
Tetrahydrocannabinoid
dronabinol
Miscellaneous Antinausea Drug
phosphorated carbohydrate solution
?NURSING PROCESS
?Evaluation
REFERENCES
53 - Vitamins and Minerals
OVERVIEW
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
. The major toxic effects of vitamin A result from ingestion of excessive amounts, which occurs most commonly in children. A few...
Interactions
Dosages
vitamin A
Vitamin D
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
. The major toxic effects from ingesting excessive amounts of vitamin D occur most commonly in children. Discontinuation of vita...
Interactions
Dosages
calcifediol
calcitriol
ergocalciferol
Vitamin E
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Dosages
vitamin E
Vitamin K
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
. Toxicity is primarily limited to use in the newborn. Hemolysis of red blood cells (RBCs) can occur, especially in infants with...
Dosages
vitamin K1
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin B1
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
thiamine
Vitamin B2
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Dosages
riboflavin
Vitamin B3
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Dosages
niacin
Vitamin B6
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
pyridoxine
Vitamin B12
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
cyanocobalamin
Vitamin C
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
ascorbic acid
MINERALS
Calcium
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
. Long-term excessive calcium intake can result in severe hypercalcemia, which can cause cardiac irregularities, delirium, and c...
Interactions
Dosages
calcium
Magnesium
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
. Toxic effects are extensions of symptoms caused by hypermagnesemia, a major cause of which is the long-term use of magnesium p...
Interactions
?magnesium
Phosphorus
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
. Toxic reactions to phosphorus are extremely rare and usually occur only after ingestion of the pure element
Interactions
phosphorus
Zinc
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
54 -
Anemia Drugs
ERYTHROPOIESIS
TYPES OF ANEMIA
ERYTHROPOIESIS-STIMULATING DRUGS
IRON
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Toxicity and Management of Overdose
Interactions
Dosages
ferrous fumarate
ferrous sulfate
iron dextran
ferric gluconate
iron sucrose
FOLIC ACID
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
folic acid
OTHER ANEMIA DRUGS
REFERENCES
55 -
Nutritional Supplements
OVERVIEW
ENTERAL NUTRITION
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Dosages
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Elemental Formulations
Polymeric Formulations
Modular Formulations
carbohydrate formulation
fat formulation
protein formulation
Altered Amino Acid Formulations
PARENTERAL NUTRITION
Peripheral Total Parenteral Nutrition
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Central Total Parenteral Nutrition
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Dosages
Amino Acids
amino acid solutions
Carbohydrates
Fat
lipid emulsions
Trace Elements
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
10 -
Dermatologic, Ophthalmic, and Otic Drugs
56 - Dermatologic Drugs
OVERVIEW
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
ANTIMICROBIALS
General Antibacterial Drugs
bacitracin
neomycin and polymyxin B
mupirocin
silver sulfadiazine
Antiacne Drugs
benzoyl peroxide
clindamycin
isotretinoin
tretinoin
Antifungal Drugs
clotrimazole
miconazole
Antiviral Drugs
ANESTHETIC, ANTIPRURITIC, AND ANTIPSORIATIC DRUGS
Topical Anesthetics
Topical Antipruritics and Antiinflammatories
Antipsoriatic Drugs
tazarotene
tar-containing products
anthralin
calcipotriene
MISCELLANEOUS DERMATOLOGIC DRUGS
Ectoparasiticidal Drugs
permethrin
Hair Growth Drugs
minoxidil
Sunscreens
Antineoplastic Drugs
fluorouracil
Immunomodulators
pimecrolimus
imiquimod
WOUND CARE DRUGS
SKIN PREPARATION DRUGS
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
57 - Ophthalmic Drugs
OVERVIEW
Lacrimal Glands
Layers of the Eye
Pathophysiology of Glaucoma
PHARMACOLOGY OVERVIEW
ANTIGLAUCOMA DRUGS
Cholinergic Drugs (Miotics)
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Direct-Acting Miotics
acetylcholine
pilocarpine
Indirect-Acting Miotic
echothiophate
Sympathomimetics (Mydriatics)
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
apraclonidine
dipivefrin
Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
betaxolol
timolol
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
dorzolamide
Osmotic Diuretics
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
glycerin
mannitol
Prostaglandin Agonists
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
latanoprost
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Dosages
Aminoglycosides
gentamicin
Macrolide Antibiotics
erythromycin
Polypeptide Antibiotics
bacitracin
Quinolone Antibiotics
ciprofloxacin
Sulfonamides
sulfacetamide
Antifungal Drug
natamycin
Antiviral Drugs
trifluridine
ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Corticosteroid
dexamethasone
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
flurbiprofen
ketorolac
TOPICAL ANESTHETICS
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
Indications
Contraindications
Adverse Effects
Interactions
tetracaine
DIAGNOSTIC DRUGS
Cycloplegic Mydriatics
atropine sulfate
cyclopentolate
Ophthalmic Dye
fluorescein
MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS
Antihistamines
olopatadine
Mast Cell Stabilizers
cromolyn
Decongestants
tetrahydrozoline
Lubricants and Moisturizers
artificial tears
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
58 -
Otic Drugs
TREATMENT OF EAR DISORDERS
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL OTIC DRUGS
Antibacterial Products
Antifungal Products
EARWAX EMULSIFIERS
?NURSING PROCESS
REFERENCES
Pharmaceutical Abbreviations
Answers to Review Questions
Index
Special Features