OROFACIAL PAIN: From Basic Science to Clinical Management, Second Edition
Frontmatter
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contributors
Section I - Orofacial Pain: Classification, Epidemiology, and Beliefs
Chapter 1: What Is Pain and How Do We Classify Orofacial Pain?
What Is Pain?
Methods Used in Classification
Entities That May Cause Pain in the Orofacial Area
Summary
References
Chapter 2: Epidemiology of Orofacial Pain: Prevalence, Incidence, and Risk Factors
What Is Epidemiology?
Epidemiologic Measures
Orofacial Pain Conditions
Summary
References
Chapter 3: Current Beliefs and Educational Guidelines
Overview of Current Beliefs
The Need for Knowledge in theBasic Sciences
Summary
References
Section II - Neurobiology of Pain
Chapter 4: Peripheral Mechanisms of Orofacial Pain
General Features of Receptors Including Nociceptors
Pulp and Dentin
Other Orofacial Tissues
Summary
References
Chapter 5: Central Nociceptive Pathways
Afferent Inputs and Brain Stem Organization
Brain Stem Nociceptive Transmission
Projections from the VBSNC
Thalamocortical Nociceptive Transmission
Summary
References
Chapter 6: Neurochemical Factors in Injury and Inflammation of Orofacial Tissues
Peripheral Mechanisms of Pain, Hyperalgesia, and Allodynia
Neurogenic Modulation in Inflammation and Wound Healing
Summary
References
Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain
Ectopic Impulses from Damaged Primary Afferent Nerve Fibers
Involvement of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Central Sprouting
Phenotypic Changes in Primary Afferents and Dorsal Horn Neurons
Microglial and Other Glial Cell Reactions
Changes in Segmental Inhibitory Control
The Concept of Peripherally Maintained Central Sensitization
Modulation of Central Sensitization Through Descending Controls
Mechanisms Implicated in Neuropathic Pain of the Orofacial Area
Summary
References
Chapter 8: Pain Modulatory Systems
Sites and Processes that Modulate Pain Perception
Genetic and Environmental Factors that Influence Pain Modulation
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: Pain and Genetics
Why Is the Variance in Chronic Orofacial Pain Important?
Is Chronic Orofacial Pain a Heritable Trait?
What Is the Size of the Heritable Component in Chronic Orofacial Pain?
How Can We Find Orofacial Pain Genes?
How Can Pain Medicine Advancein the Postgenomic Era?
Summary
References
Section III - Pain and Behavior
Chapter 10: Measurement of Pain
Basic Characteristics of Measures
Subjective Reporting
Behavioral and Physiologic Responses
Functional Brain Imaging
Summary
References
Chapter 11: Psychologic State and Pain Perception
Focusing on Pain Can Make It Worse
Our Emotions Affect Our Perception of Pain
What Are the Mechanisms by Which Attention and Emotions Alter Pain?
How Can the Clinician Use Attention and Emotions to Reduce a Patientβs Pain?
Social Influences on Pain
Placebo and Orofacial Pain
Summary
References
Chapter 12: Psychosocial Factors
Types of Pain
Biomedical Models of Pain
The Neurologic and Psychosocial Interface
Biopsychosocial Model of Pain
A Dual-Axis Approach to Assessment of Dental and Orofacial Pain
Assessing Pain-Relevant Psychologic and Psychosocial Factors
Summary
References
Chapter 13: Pain and Gender
Clinical Pain
Experimental Pain
Sociocultural and Psychosocial Factors Proposed for Gender Differences in Pain
Potential Biologic Factors Underlying Gender Differences in Pain
Summary
References
Chapter 14: Pain and Motor Reflexes
Nociceptive Reflexes
Effects of Nociception on Jaw Reflexes
Summary
References
Chapter 15: Persistent Pain and Motor Dysfunction
The Vicious Cycle Theory
The Effect of Persistent Pain on Biting and Mastication
Pain and Facial Expression
The Pain-Adaptation Model
Summary
References
Chapter 16: Pain and Sleep Disturbances
Normal Sleep
Poor Sleep Quality
Abnormal Sleep
Sleep Abnormalities in Pain Patients
Overview of Management Strategies for Pain and Poor Sleep
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Section IV - Management of Orofacial Pain: Principles and Practices
Chapter 17: The Path to Diagnosis
Overview of the Diagnostic Process
The Clinical Assessment Process
Reliability of Clinical Examination Techniques and Tests
The Clinical Decision-Making Process for Orofacial Pain
Summary
References
Chapter 18: Evidence-Based Pain Management
The Evidence
References
Chapter 19: Management of Persistent Orofacial Pain
Professional Care
Defining the Challenge
Using a Case-Specific Approach
Varying Focus in the Treatment of Pain
Sorting Patients According to Care Requirements
Treatment Options Within the Scope of General Dentistry
Summary
References
Chapter 20: Management of Dental Pain
Diagnostic Considerations
Pains of Pulpal Origin
Pain Associated with Periodontal Disease
Summary
References
Chapter 21: Management of Inflammatory Pain
Strategies for Acute Pain Management
Drug Selection for Management of Acute Pain
Therapeutic Recommendations to Manage Pain Related to Dental Procedures
Summary
References
Chapter 22: Management of Masticatory Myalgia and Arthralgia
Differential Diagnosis
Management Strategies
Summary
References
Chapter 23: Management of Mucosal Pain
Assessment and Diagnosis
Pain Management Therapy for Mucosal Pain
Summary
References
Chapter 24: Management of Neuropathic Pain
Orofacial Neuropathic Pain Conditions
Prevention of Neuropathic Pain
Treatment for Neuropathic Pain (Excluding Trigeminal Neuralgia)
Drugs for Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia
Summary
References
Chapter 25: Management of Orofacial Pain Related to Headache
Migraine
Tension-type Headache (Temporal Headache)
Temporal Arteritis
Headache Attributed to Head or Neck Trauma
Summary
References
Chapter 26: Management of Movement Disorders Related to Orofacial Pain
Parkinson Disease
Dystonia
Dyskinesia
Stereotypies
Bruxism
Summary
References
Chapter 27: Illustrative Case Reports
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Chapter 28: Science Transfer in Orofacial Pain: Problems and Solutions
General Problems in Science Transfer
Science Transfer Problems in Orofacial Pain
Enhancing Science Transfer in Orofacial Pain
Responsibilities of Innovators as well as Students and Practitioners
References