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Half Title
Novel Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical Bio-sensing Applications
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
About the editor
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Fundamentals, current advancements in nanostructured electrochemical biosensors
1. Fundamentals of nanostructured materials and synthetic routes
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Nanomaterials and nanotechnology
1.2 Classification of nanoparticles
1.3 Synthesis of nanoparticles
1.4 Top-down approach
1.5 Bottom-up approach
1.5.1 Wet chemical methods
1.5.1.1 Sol–gel process
1.5.1.2 Solution combustion synthesis
1.5.1.3 Green and biological synthesis
1.5.1.4 Solvothermal/hydrothermal method
1.5.1.5 Chemical reduction
1.5.1.6 Electrochemical synthesis
1.5.1.7 Microemulsion method
1.5.1.8 Microwave-assisted synthesis
1.5.1.9 Emulsion polymerization
1.5.2 Dry chemical methods
1.5.2.1 Mechanical grinding/ball milling
1.5.2.2 Laser ablation
1.5.2.3 Electro-explosion
1.5.2.4 Chemical vapor deposition
1.5.2.5 Physical vapor deposition
1.5.2.6 Solvent-free synthesis
1.5.2.7 Photochemical synthesis
1.5.2.8 Ion implantation
1.5.2.9 Flame spray synthesis
1.5.2.10 Electrospinning
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Modern trends in carbon nanostructured material-based electrochemical biosensing systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Neurotransmitters, neurochemicals as biomolecules
2.2.1 Carbon nanotubes
2.2.2 Carbon-based quantum dots and graphene-based QD’s
2.2.3 Nanodiamond
2.3 Conclusion
References
3. Developments in inorganic and organic based nanostructured materials for electrochemical biosensing applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experiment
3.2.1 Typical synthesis of inorganic and organic nanomaterials
3.2.2 Fabrication of the inorganic/organic nanostructures
3.2.2.1 Lithography
3.2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition process
3.2.2.3 Sol–gel nanofabrication
3.2.2.4 Green synthesis
3.3 Results and discussion
3.3.1 Characterization
3.3.2 Characteristics of biosensors
3.3.3 Classification of biosensors
3.4 Nanomaterials-based biosensors
3.4.1 Electrochemical biosensing of inorganic nanomaterials
3.4.2 Potentiometric biosensors
3.4.3 Voltammetric determinations
3.4.4 Electrochemical biosensing of organic nanomaterials
3.4.5 Electrochemical biosensing of hybrid (inorganic and organic) nanomaterials
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Author contributions
Conflict of interest
Data availability
Funding
References
4. Organometallic and biomass-derived nanostructured materials for biosensing applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Principle of biosensor
4.3 Nanotechnology
4.3.1 Classification of nanoparticles
4.3.1.1 Zero-dimensional nanomaterials
4.3.1.2 One-dimensional nanomaterials
4.3.1.3 Two-dimensional nanomaterials
4.3.1.4 Three-dimensional nanomaterials
4.4 Gold nanoparticles
4.5 Magnetic nanoparticles
4.6 Metal oxide nanoparticles
4.7 Carbon nanoparticles
4.8 Conclusion
Future perspectives
Summary
References
Part 2: Fabrication of nanostructured materials based bio-sensing platforms
5. Fabrication routes for metallic nanostructured electrochemical biosensors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bottom-up process
5.2.1 Sol–gel method
5.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition
5.2.3 Wet route: solvothermal and hydrothermal processes
5.2.4 Electrochemical process
5.3 Top-down process
5.3.1 Plasma sputtering
5.3.2 Milling
5.3.3 Laser ablation
5.4 Conclusions
References
6. Design of nanostructured biosensors based on organic and other composite materials
6.1 Introduction to sensors
6.1.1 Classification of sensors
6.1.2 Biosensor
6.1.2.1 Constituents of biosensors
6.1.2.2 Evolution of biosensors
6.1.2.3 Characteristics of biosensors
6.1.3 Classification of biosensors based on bioreceptors
6.1.3.1 Enzyme-based biosensors
6.1.3.2 Antibody-based biosensors
6.1.3.3 Aptamer-based biosensors
6.1.3.4 Whole-cell-based biosensors
6.1.3.5 Nanoparticle-based biosensors
6.1.4 Emerging nanomaterials used in the fabrication of biosensors
6.1.4.1 Two-dimensional transition metals
6.1.4.1.1 Transition metal chalcogenides
6.1.4.1.2 Advanced transition metal oxides
6.1.4.2 Two-dimensional organic polymers
6.1.4.2.1 Metal–organic frameworks
6.1.4.2.2 Black phosphorous
6.1.5 Distinct platforms in the fabrication of advanced biosensor devices
6.1.5.1 Focused ion beam technique
6.1.5.2 Electrospinning
6.1.5.3 Paper-based microfluidics
6.1.5.4 Microelectromechanical systems
6.1.5.5 Surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor
6.1.5.6 Whispering-gallery-mode biosensors
6.2 Conclusion
References
7. Current electrochemical biosensors in market, trends, and future reliability: a case study
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biosensors
7.2.1 Types of biosensors
7.3 Recent trends in biosensors
7.4 Future reliability
7.5 Conclusion
References
8. An overview of stability and lifetime of electrochemical biosensors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Design and principle of biosensors
8.3 Electrochemical biosensors
8.3.1 Interface of biosensor
8.3.2 Materials of biosensor interfaces
8.3.2.1 Metal-based nanomaterials
8.3.2.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
8.3.2.3 Polymer
8.3.2.4 Metal–organic framework
8.4 Reproducibility and lifetime
8.4.1 Definition of stability
8.4.2 Shelf stability
8.4.3 Operational stability
8.5 Conclusion
References
Part 3: Applications of nanostructured electrochemical biosensors
9. Nanostructured materials-based electrochemical biosensor devices for quantification of antioxidants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Reference analytical methods employed for the determination of antioxidants in beverages
9.3 Oxidoreductase enzymes used in the development of electrochemical biosensors for the determination of phenolic compound...
9.4 General aspects of the construction of electrochemical enzymatic biosensors
9.5 Application of enzymatic biosensor for the determination of a specific antioxidant or its total content in beverages
9.5.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials
9.5.2 Metal nanoparticles
9.5.3 Carbon-based nanomaterial/metal nanoparticle
9.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
10. Nanostructured electrochemical biosensors for pesticides and insecticides
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Properties of nanostructured electrochemical biosensors
10.3 Fabrication of nanostructured electrochemical biosensors
10.4 Nanostructured electrochemical biosensors fabricated for the detection of pesticides and insecticides
10.5 Applications of nanostructured electrochemical biosensors
10.6 Importance of electrochemical biosensors
10.7 Challenges
10.8 Future scope
10.9 Conclusion
References
11. Electrochemical biosensing for determination of toxic dyes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Dyes and pigments
11.3 Electrochemical biosensors
11.4 Determination of toxic dyes based on electrochemical biosensors and their applications
11.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
12. Electrochemical detection of pathogens in water and food samples
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Label-based electrochemical detection
12.3 Electrochemical detection of microorganisms
12.3.1 Electrochemical detection of Escherichia coli
12.3.2 Electrochemical detection of Salmonella spp
12.3.3 Electrochemical detection of Listeria monocytogenes
12.3.4 Electrochemical detection of Vibrio spp
12.3.5 Electrochemical detection of Streptococcus spp
12.3.6 Electrochemical detection of Bacillus spp
12.3.7 Electrochemical detection of Staphylococcus aureus
12.3.8 Electrochemical detection of Clostridium perfringens
12.4 Electrochemical detection of viruses
12.5 Electrochemical detection of protozoa
References
13. Electrochemical biosensors for toxic gases monitoring
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biosensors
13.2.1 Components of biosensors
13.2.2 Characteristics of biosensors
13.3 Nanomaterial-based biosensors
13.3.1 Zero-dimensional nanobiosensors
13.3.1.1 Nanoparticles-based biosensors
13.3.1.1.1 Metal nanoparticles
13.3.1.1.2 Metal oxide nanoparticles
13.3.1.2 Quantum dots-based biosensors
13.3.2 One-dimensional nanobiosensors
13.3.3 Multidimensional nanobiosensors
13.4 Electrochemical biosensors
13.4.1 Amperometric biosensors
13.4.2 Potentiometric biosensors
13.4.3 Conductometric biosensors
13.4.4 Impedimetric biosensors
13.5 Detection and monitoring of toxic gases
13.5.1 NO2 sensing
13.5.2 SO2 sensing
13.5.3 H2S sensing
13.5.4 Biosensing of nitric oxides
13.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
14. Nanostructured materials-modified electrochemical biosensing devices for determination of neurochemicals
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The properties of some neurochemicals most commonly studied by electrochemical methods
14.2.1 Serotonin
14.2.2 Dopamine
14.2.3 Epinephrine
14.2.4 Nor-epinephrine
14.2.5 Glutamate
14.2.6 Tyrosine
14.2.7 Tryptophan
14.2.8 β-casomorphin-7
14.2.9 Acetylcholine
14.2.10 Amyloid beta
14.2.11 Thrombin
14.3 The significance of integrating nanostructured materials for electrochemical neurochemical sensing
14.4 Application of a nanostructured electrochemical sensor for neurochemical detection
14.4.1 Immunosensor-based nanobiosensor for neurochemical detection
14.4.2 Enzyme-based nanobiosensor for neurochemical detection
14.4.3 Aptamer-based nanobiosensor for neurochemical detection
14.4.4 The last trends in electrochemical systems for neurochemical detection
14.4.4.1 Smartphone-based nanostructured sensor
14.4.4.2 Microfluidic device-based nanostructured sensor
14.4.4.3 Wearable nanostructured sensor for neurochemical detection
14.5 Challenges and conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
15. Real-time utilization of nanostructured biosensors for the determination of food toxins
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types of toxins in foods
15.2.1 Bacterial toxins
15.2.2 Fungal toxins
15.2.3 Marine biotoxin
15.2.4 Phytotoxins
15.2.5 Heavy metals
15.2.6 Chemicals
15.2.6.1 Pesticides
15.2.7 Dyes
15.2.8 Plastics
15.3 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
16. Nanostructured electrochemical biosensors for estimation of pharmaceutical drugs
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Electrochemical biosensors
16.2.1 Metal nanostructured biosensors
16.2.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
16.2.3 Polymer-supported nanostructured biosensors
16.2.4 Metal–organic framework
16.2.5 Biological materials
16.2.6 Rarely used nanostructured biosensors
16.3 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
17. Advanced nanostructured material-based biosensors in clinical and forensic diagnosis
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Nanostructured materials
17.2.1 Carbon nanotubes
17.2.2 Nanowires
17.2.3 Nanoparticles
17.2.4 Fullerenes
17.2.5 Carbon dots
17.3 Applications of nanobiosensors in clinical and forensic diagnosis
17.4 Conclusion
References
18. Detection of toxic metals using nanostructured biosensing platforms
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Toxic metals
18.2.1 Cadmium
18.2.2 Mercury
18.2.3 Lead
18.2.4 Arsenic
18.3 Nanomaterials that are used as a detection platform
18.4 Applications of toxic metals detection using nanostructured platforms
18.5 Conclusion
References
19. Nanostructured materials-based electrochemical biosensors for hormones
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Principle of electrochemical biosensors for detection of hormones
19.2.1 Generally, an electrochemical biosensor consists of three components, including biometric components, sensors, and e...
19.3 Electrochemical detection of hormones
19.4 Amino acid derivatives
19.5 Adrenaline or epinephrine and noradrenaline or norepinephrine
19.6 Melatonin
19.7 Triiodothyronine and thyroxine
19.8 Dopamine
19.9 Steroids and eicosanoids
19.10 Testosterone
19.11 Estrogen
19.12 Cortisol
19.13 Progesterone
19.14 Calcitriol
19.15 Proteins/peptides
19.16 Adiponectin
19.17 Follicle-stimulating hormone
19.18 Human chorionic gonadotropin
19.19 Insulin
19.20 Leptin
19.21 Prolactin
19.22 Conclusion
References
20. Safety, health, and regulation issues of nanostructured biosensors
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biosensors
20.2.1 Metal- and metal oxide-based biosensors
20.2.2 CNT-based biosensors
20.2.3 Polymer-based polyphosphoric acid biosensors
20.2.4 Enzyme-based biosensors
20.3 Recent development in nanostructured biosensors
20.4 Issues: safety
20.5 Issues: health
20.6 Issues: food
20.7 Issues: agriculture
20.8 Regulations
20.9 Conclusion
References
21. Advances in green synthesis of nanostructured biosensors
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Green nanomaterials
21.1.2 Electrochemical biosensors
21.2 Fabrication of electrochemical nanobiosensors
21.2.1 Use of green nanomaterials in electrochemical nanobiosensors
21.2.1.1 Green nanostructures in enzyme-based biosensors
21.2.1.2 Green nanostructures in immunosensors
21.2.1.3 Green nanostructures in aptasensors
21.3 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
22. Future sustainability and sensitivity of nanostructured materialbased electrochemical biosensors over other technologies
22.1 Biosensor
22.2 Types of biosensors
22.3 Nanowire-based biosensors
22.4 Receptor for DNA and RNA
22.5 Receptor for viruses
22.6 Nanorod-based biosensors
22.7 Carbon nanotube–based biosensors
22.8 Carbon nanotube–modified electrodes
22.8.1 Quantum dot-based biosensors
22.8.2 Dendrimers-based biosensors
22.9 Nanostructured material–based electrochemical biosensor
22.9.1 Gold nanoparticles
22.9.2 Gold nanoparticles with silver deposition
22.9.3 Silver nanoparticles
22.9.4 Graphene nanomaterials used in electrochemical biosensor fabrication
22.9.5 ZnO nanostructures used in the fabrication of electrochemical biosensors
22.10 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Index
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