Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical Biosensors

✍ Scribed by Yogeswaran Umasankar, S. Ashok Kumar, Shen-ming Chen

• Publisher: Nova Science Pub Inc
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 375
• Series: Nanotechnology Science and Technology Series
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Electrochemical biosensors are portable devices that permit rapid analysis of substances. They are most useful in detection and monitoring of biological, chemical and toxic agents. Briefly, with the help of transducer, the generated electrical signals from the responses to change in the bioactive layers are used for the interpretation. Similarly, nanomaterials have number of features that make them ideally suited for sensor applications, such as, its high surface area, high reactivity, easy dispersability and rapid fabrication. This collected work composed of the expert knowledge of many specialists in the construction and use of electrochemical biosensors made of nanostructured materials. This includes nanomaterials such as dendrimers, polymers, nanoparticles, nanotubes, oxides, enzymes and their hybrids as catalyst for various sensors such as glucose sensors, DNA sensors, neurotransmitters sensors, etc. This collected work provides new methodological advancements related to and correlated with the measurement of interested species in biomedical samples. Many studies are also included to illustrate the range of application and importance of the electrochemical biosensors. This provides the unique opportunity for readers to choice a new methods and applications of new electrochemical biosensors.

✦ Table of Contents

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 9
ABSTRACT......Page 15
(a) Structure and Nomenclature......Page 16
(b) Synthesis......Page 18
(c) Characterization......Page 19
(d) Salient Properties......Page 20
(e) General Applications......Page 21
III. ELECTROACTIVE DENDRIMERS......Page 22
ii) Mixing/Blending......Page 24
(b) Dendrimer-Based Glucose Biosensors......Page 25
(c) Biosensors for the Detection of other Analytes......Page 37
(d) Dendrimers in DNA Detection......Page 38
(e) Dendrimers in Affinity Biosensors......Page 41
VI. REFERENCES......Page 45
ABSTRACT......Page 53
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 54
2. GENERAL METHODS FOR PREPARATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED POLYANILINES......Page 55
Hard Template Synthesis......Page 58
Soft Template Synthesis......Page 59
Electrosynthetic and Electroless Modification......Page 61
Characterization of the Modified Electrodes: Electrochemical, Surface Morphology and Spectroscopic......Page 63
4. AMPEROMETRIC BIOSENSORS WITH ENZYMESELECTROHEMICALLY COMMUNICATED VIA SULFONATEFUNCTIONALIZEDPOLYANILINES......Page 67
Verification of the Occurrence of Electrochemical Enzyme−Interrogation......Page 69
Analytical Responses......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 73
ABSTRACT......Page 79
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 80
1.2. General Methods for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles......Page 81
2.1. Platinum Nanoparticles in Nafion Matrix......Page 83
AFM Measurements......Page 85
Electrochemical Measurements......Page 86
3. GOLD NANOPARTICLES IN SILICATE SOL-GEL MATRIX......Page 88
SEM Measurements......Page 90
Electrochemical Measurements......Page 91
4. APPLICATIONS OF METAL NANOPARTICLES IN SENSORS......Page 92
4.2. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Dopamine......Page 93
4.2.1. Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine and Serotonin......Page 95
4.2.2. Detection and Determination of Dopamine in Real Samples......Page 96
5.1. Electrocatalytic Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide......Page 97
6. SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF HYDRAZINE, SULFITE AND NITRITE AT GOLD NANOPARTICLES MODIFIED ELECTRODE......Page 99
6.1. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrazine, Sulfite and Nitrite......Page 100
6.2. Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Hydrazine, Sulfite and Nitrite......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 103
OVERVIEW......Page 111
1.2 Biosensor......Page 112
1.3. Importance of Nanomaterials......Page 114
2.1. Wet Chemical Methods......Page 115
3. IMMOBILIZATION OF AUNPS ON ELECTRODE SURFACE......Page 119
3.1. Self-Assembly Method......Page 120
3.3. Langmuir-Blodgett Method......Page 122
3.4. Spin Coating and Casting......Page 123
4. CONJUGATION OF BIO-ELEMENT ON AUNPS SURFACE......Page 124
4.1. Bioconjugation through Covalent Bond......Page 125
4.2. Bioconjugation Via without Chemical Bond......Page 126
5.1. Electrochemical Sensors for Glucose......Page 127
5.2. Electrochemical Sensors for Ascorbic Acid......Page 130
5.3. Electrochemical Sensors for Uric Acid......Page 132
5.4. Electrochemical Sensors for Neurotransmitters......Page 133
5.4.2. Serotonin......Page 134
5.4.4. Norepinephrine......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 137
ABSTRACT......Page 143
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 144
2.1. Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Electrodes with Seed-Mediated Growth Approach......Page 145
2.2. Electrocatalytic Activity of Gold Nanoparticles Toward Small Biomolecules......Page 149
2.3. Biosensors Based on Proteins Immobilized on Gold Nanoparticles......Page 153
3.1. Preparation of TiO2 Film Electrodes with Liquid Phase Deposition Process......Page 157
3.2. Doping LPD TiO2 Films with other Materials......Page 159
3.3. Bioelectroanalysis Based on LPD Films......Page 163
5. REFERENCES......Page 164
ABSTRACT......Page 167
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 168
2. ELECTROCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF METAL OXIDES AND METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES......Page 170
3. SYNTHESIS OF METAL OXIDE PARTICLES AND NANOPARTICLES......Page 171
4. ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS BASED ON METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES......Page 173
4.1. Zinc Oxide Nanomaterial for Biosensors Fabrication......Page 175
4.2. Titanium Oxide Nanomaterial for Biosensors Fabrication......Page 187
4.3. Iron Oxide Nanomaterial for Biosensors Fabrication......Page 191
4.4. Manganese Oxide Nanomaterial for Biosensors Fabrication......Page 200
4.5. Nickel Oxides for Biosensors Fabrication......Page 203
4.6. Cobalt Oxides for Biosensors Fabrication......Page 208
4.7. Other Metal- Oxides Nanomaterials for Biosensors Fabrication......Page 212
5. CONCLUSIONS......Page 216
REFERENCES......Page 217
ABSTRACT......Page 227
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 228
2.1. Electrochemical Deposition......Page 229
2.5. Sol-Gel Method......Page 231
3. CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED METAL OXIDES......Page 232
5.1. Zinc Oxide (ZnO)......Page 233
5.2. Titanium Oxide (TiO2)......Page 236
5.3. Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2)......Page 238
5.4. Iron Oxide (Fe3O4)......Page 240
5.5. Cerium Oxide (CeO2)......Page 242
5.6. Tin Oxide (SnO2)......Page 243
5.7. Mangnesium Dioxide (MnO2)......Page 244
5.9. Miscellaneous Oxides......Page 246
REFERENCES......Page 247
ABSTRACT......Page 253
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 254
2.1. Materials......Page 256
2.4. Experimental Setup and Procedures......Page 257
3.1. Microstructural Characterization......Page 258
3.2. Electrochemical Properties......Page 261
3.3. Detection Application......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 272
ABSTRACT......Page 275
Different Morphologies of Anodic TiO2......Page 276
Influence of Electrochemical Conditions......Page 282
PROPERTIES OF TITANIA NANOSTRUCTURES......Page 285
Water Purification......Page 287
Water Splitting to Produce Hydrogen......Page 289
Solar Cells......Page 290
Chemical Sensors......Page 291
Biomedical Applications......Page 292
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 293
REFERENCES......Page 294
Keywords:......Page 299
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 300
2.2. Mediator Modified Screen Printed Electrode Based AChE Sensors......Page 301
2.3. Amperometric AChE Pesticide Sensors......Page 303
3. ROLE OF NANOMATERIALS IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS......Page 304
4.1. CNT Based Pesticide Sensors......Page 306
4.2. Gold Nanoparticle Based Pesticide Sensors......Page 310
SUMMARY......Page 313
REFERENCES......Page 314
INTRODUCTION......Page 317
2.1 The Synthesis of MPS......Page 318
2.2.1 Functionalized MPS for Protein Immobilization......Page 320
2.2.2 The Development of Proteins/Enzymes Encapsulated MPS Biosensors......Page 321
REFERENCES......Page 328
ABSTRACT......Page 331
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 332
2. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR DYNAMICS......Page 333
3. MEASUREMENT OF DOPAMINE CONCENTRATIONS......Page 334
5. ULTRAMICROELECTRODE GEOMETRIES......Page 335
5.1. Disk-Shaped Point Electrodes......Page 336
5.3. Carbon Fiber Line Electrodes......Page 337
5.4. Microelectrode Arrays......Page 338
6.1. Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry......Page 339
6.2. Film Coated Electrodes......Page 340
6.3. Electrochemically Grafted Aryl Films......Page 341
6.5. Nanoparticle-Modified Electrodes......Page 342
6.7. Diamond Electrodes......Page 343
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 347
REFERENCES......Page 348
INDEX......Page 353