Noninvasive Physiological Measurement: Wireless Microwave Sensing

✍ Scribed by James C. Lin

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 515
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book explains the principles and techniques of microwave physiological sensing and introduces fundamental results of the noninvasive sensing of physiological signatures, vital signs, as well as life detection. Specifically, noninvasive microwave techniques for contact, contactless, and remote sensing of circulatory and respiratory movements and physiological volume changes are discussed.

Noninvasive Physiological Measurement: Wireless Microwave Sensing, is written by a pioneering researcher in microwave noninvasive physiological sensing and leading global expert in microwaves in biology and medicine. The book reviews current advances in noninvasive cardiopulmonary sensing technology and measurement. It includes measurements of the vital signs and physiological signatures from laboratory and clinical testing. The book discusses the applicable domains and scenarios in which there is an interaction of radio frequency (RF) and microwaves with biological matter in gas, fluid, or solid form, both from inside and outside of the human or animal body. The book also provides examples for healthcare monitoring and diagnostic applications through wearables, devices, or remote contactless sensors for physiological signals and signature, vital signs, and body motion sensing. This book is an essential guide to understanding the human body’s interaction with microwaves and noninvasive physiological sensing and monitoring.

This book is intended for researchers and professionals in biomedical, electrical, and computer engineering with an interest in antenna, sensors, microwaves, signal processing, and medical applications. It will also be of interest to healthcare professionals, technologists, and practitioners interested in noninvasive physiological sensing and patient monitoring.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Microwave and RF Radiation
1.1.1. Frequency Bands and Designations
1.2. Microwave Radar Technology
1.3. Physiological Sensing and Radiological Imaging
1.4. Microwave Sensing of Physiological Signatures and Movements
1.5. Optimal Microwave Frequency for Physiological Sensing
1.5.1. Remote, Near-Field, and Noncontact Strategy
1.5.2. Direct-Contact Strategy
1.6. Bench-Top Systems for Microwave Physiological Sensing
1.7. Telemedicine and the COVID-19 Pandemic
1.8. Protection Limits for Human Exposure to Microwaves
1.9. Organizing Principles of the Book
Chapter 2: Pioneering Investigations
2.1. A Scientific Research Journey
2.1.1. Respiratory Measurement and Microwave Cardiography
2.1.2. Vital-Sign Sensing
2.1.3. Arterial Pressure Pulse Wave and Cerebral Edema
2.1.4. Translational Research
2.1.5. DARPA Workshop on Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring
2.1.6. DARPA RadioBio—A Sensing Challenge
2.1.7. A Side Bar—Microwave and Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) Interactions: A Different Kind of Sensing
2.2. Microwave Sensing of Physiological Signatures and Volume Changes in the 1970s
2.2.1. Respiratory Activity Measurement
2.2.2. Measurement of Heart Rate and Sensing of Cardiac Events
2.2.3. Noninvasive Monitoring Fluid Buildup in the Lungs
2.3. Microwave Sensing of Vital Signs and Arterial Pulses in the 1980s
2.3.1. Remote Contactless Sensing of Vital Signs
2.3.2. Arterial Pulse Wave and Pressure Sensing
2.3.3. Cerebral Edemas and Extravasations
2.4. A Summary
Chapter 3: Microwave Propagation, Reflection, and Scattering
3.1. The Maxwell Equations
3.2. The Wave Equation
3.3. Boundary Conditions at Material Interfaces
3.4. Energy Storage and Power Flow
3.5. Plane Waves and Far-Zone Field
3.6. Polarization and Propagation of Plane Waves
3.6.1. Plane Waves in Free Space
3.6.2. Plane Waves in Lossy or Biological Media
3.7. Reflection and Transmission at Interfaces
3.8. Refraction of Microwave and RF Radiation
3.9. Radiation of Electromagnetic Energy
3.9.1. The Short Dipole Antenna
3.9.2. Near-Zone Radiation
3.9.3. Antenna Receiving Characteristics
3.9.4. Radar Cross Section
3.9.5. Conventional Antenna Configurations and Radiation Patterns
3.9.6. Microstrip Patch and Array Antennas
Chapter 4: Microwave Property of Living Matter
4.1. Frequency Dependence of Dielectric Permittivity
4.2. Dielectric Relaxation Processes
4.2.1. Low-Loss Dielectric Materials
4.2.2. Lossy Dielectrics at Low Frequencies
4.2.3. Biological Materials
4.3. Temperature Dependence of Dielectric Properties
4.3.1. Temperature Dependence of Measured Tissue Dielectric Permittivity
4.4. Measured and Modeled Tissue Permittivity Data
4.4.1. Permittivity of Water
4.4.2. Measured Tissue Permittivity
4.4.3. Debye Modeling of Biological Tissue Permittivity Data
Chapter 5: Microwaves in Biological Systems
5.1. Metrics for Exposure and Dosimetry
5.1.1. Exposure Quantities and Units
5.1.2. Dosimetry Quantities and Units
5.2. Reflection and Transmission at Planar Tissue Surfaces
5.2.1. Angle of Incidence and Polarization
5.3. Multiple Tissue Layers
5.4. Anatomic Phantom Models
5.4.1. SAR in Anatomical Models
5.5. Frequency Dependence and Resonance Absorption
5.6. Orientation and Polarization Effects for Elongated Bodies
5.7. Scattering Coefficient for Prolate Spheroidal Bodies
5.8. Doppler Effect from Target Motion
5.9. Range and Velocity Resolution
Chapter 6: System Analysis and Signal Processing
6.1. Signals and Systems
6.1.1. Linear Systems
6.1.2. Orthogonal Signals
6.2. Fourier Series Representation of Signals
6.2.1. Example of Fourier Series Representation of Signals
6.2.2. Time Shifting and Scaling Properties of the Fourier Series
6.3. The Impulse Function as a Signal
6.3.1. Fourier Series for an Impulse Train
6.3.2. Sifting or Sampling Property of the Unit δ(t) Function
6.4. Multiplication Property of Fourier Series
6.5. Impulse Response of a Linear System
6.6. Fourier Transforms
6.6.1. Fourier Transform Properties and Relations
6.7. Symmetry of Fourier Transforms
6.8. System Transfer Function
6.9. Sampling of Continuous Signals
6.9.1. Aliasing from Undersampling
6.9.2. Quantization of Sampled Signals
6.10. Optimal Detection using Matched Filter
6.11. Cascaded Linear Systems and Filters
6.11.1. An Ideal Low-Pass Inverse Filter
6.11.2. A Realistic Inverse Filter
6.11.3. Distortionless Filter and System
6.11.4. Ideal High-Pass and Band-Pass Filters
6.11.5. A Practical Realizable Filter
6.12. Advanced Signal Conditioning and Processing Methods
Chapter 7: Vital Sign Sensing: Heartbeat and Respiration
7.1. Organs in the Thorax
7.1.1. The Heart and Coronary Vessels
7.1.2. The Lungs
7.2. Measurement of Respiration
7.2.1. Respiratory Parameters
7.2.2. Microwave Measurement of Respiration
7.2.3. Respiratory Sensing of Animal Under Stress
7.2.4. Contactless Microwave Apnea Monitor
7.2.5. Other Developments in Microwave Respiratory Monitoring
7.3. Microwave Respiratory Sensor on A Chip
7.3.1. Doppler Radar Apnea Monitoring on a Single Chip
7.3.2. System-on-Chip Ultrawide-band Pulse Radar for Measuring Respiration Rate
7.3.3. Radar Measurement of Respiration During Cancer Radiotherapy
7.4. Continuous Respiratory Monitoring with Frequency-Modulated CW Radar
7.4.1. FMCW Radar Sensor
7.4.2. Preclinical Study Using a Prototype FMCW Sensor
7.5. Heartbeat Sensing and Microwave Cardiography
7.5.1. Measurement of MACG
7.6. Vital Sign Measurements
7.6.1. A Portable Contactless Vital-Sign Monitor
7.6.2. Remote Noncontact Vital-Sign Sensing
7.7. Recent Advances in Vital-Sign Sensing
7.7.1. Chip Scale Radar Sensors
7.7.2. Low-IF CW Radar Architecture and Injection-Locked Oscillators
7.7.3. Injection-Locked Oscillator Architectures
7.7.4. High Sensitivity CW Doppler CMOS Radar Chips
7.8. Summary and Perspective
Chapter 8: Arterial Pulse Wave and Pressure Sensing
8.1. The Circulatory System
8.2. Arterial Pulse-Wave Measurement
8.2.1. Noninvasive Contact Pulse-Wave Measurement
8.2.2. Near-Field Contactless Pulse-Wave Monitoring
8.3. Noninvasive Arterial-Pressure Sensing
8.3.1. Arterial-Wall Movement and Pressure Pulse
8.3.2. Doppler Radar Measurement of Pulse Pressure
8.3.3. Blood Pressure from PTT
8.3.4. SIL Microwave Radar Arterial Pressure Sensor
8.3.5. MMW Radar Pressure Sensor
8.4. Multiparameter Blood Pressure Sensing
8.5. Multipoint Near-Field Blood Pressure Sensing
Chapter 9: Sensing of Tissue Volume Change and Redistribution
9.1. Pathophysiologic Respiratory and Fluid Volume Changes
9.1.1. Pulmonary Edema and Pleural Effusion
9.1.2. Cerebral Edema
9.1.3. Arterial-Wall Movement and Blood Pressure
9.2. Microwave Sensing of Fluid Buildup in the Lungs
9.2.1. Earlier Pulmonary Edema Investigations
9.2.2. Wideband Microwave Scanning
9.3. Pulmonary Edema Diagnostic and Monitoring Systems
9.3.1. Body-Area Network-Integrated RF Sensor
9.3.2. Wideband Near-Field Microwave Detection
9.4. Commercial Wearable Sensing Systems
9.4.1. Wearable Near-Field RF Sensing System
9.4.2. Noncontact Near-Field Patch Sensor
9.5. Near-Field Respiratory Volume Sensing
9.6. Cerebral Edema and ICP
9.6.1. Microwave Transmission for Cerebral Edema in a Phantom Model
9.6.2. Microwave Sensing of Cerebral Edema in Animal Model
9.7. Microwave Tomographic Imaging of Hemorrhagic Head Phantom
9.8. Microwave Thermoacoustic Tomography and Imaging
9.9. Hemorrhagic Blood Volume Change
Chapter 10: Wearable Devices and Sensors
10.1. Fitness and Sleep Trackers
10.2. Smartwatch Heart-Rate Sensors
10.3. Wearable Microwave Vital-Sign Sensing
10.3.1. A Miniature Wearable Microwave Arterial Pulse Sensor
10.3.2. Wearable SILO Radar Pulse Sensors
10.3.3. Another Prototype Wearable Pulse Monitor
10.4. Wearable Microwave HR Sensors
10.5. Chest-Worn SILO Tag Sensor for HR Monitoring
10.6. Contact Sensing of Fingertip and Wrist Pulse Waves
10.7. Wearable Millimeter-Wave Arterial Pulse Sensor
10.8. Chest-Worn 5.8. GHz SILO for Respiration Monitoring
10.9. Wearable Cardiopulmonary Motion Sensors
Chapter 11: Advanced Topics and Contemporary Applications
11.1. Remote Radar Sensing of Vital Signs of Multiple Subjects
11.1.1. Detection of Subject Vital Signs Through Office Partitions
11.1.2. Contactless Heart Rate Measurement Using X-Band Array Radar
11.1.3. Hybrid Doppler Radars for Multisubject Vital-Sign Sensing
11.1.4. Sensors for Localization of Multiple Subjects in Cluttered Environments
11.1.5. Software Algorithm-Assisted 24 GHz FMCW Radar Sensing
11.1.6. MM-Wave Radar Sensor for Multiple Subjects
11.2. Applications in Medicine and Healthcare
11.2.1. Sleep Medicine — Diagnosis of Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome
11.2.2. Real-Time Apnea-Hypopnea Event Detection
11.2.3. Postsurgery and Anesthesia Recovery
11.2.4. Monitoring Diabetes-Related Physiological Signals
11.2.5. Telehealth and Telemedicine for Diabetes Management
11.3. Monitoring Driver Vital Signs
Appendix
Index