Next Generation Wireless Communication: Advances in Optical, mm-Wave, and THz Technologies

✍ Scribed by Mohammed El Ghzaoui (editor), Sudipta Das (editor), Varakumari Samudrala (editor), Nageswara Rao Medikondu (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 667
• Series: Signals and Communication Technology
• Edition: 2024
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides an overview of the most common techniques and methods employed in wireless fields. Conversely, it delves into a detailed study of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and terahertz (THz) systems, with a focus on various schemes for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves. The title comprehensively reviews key elements associated with wireless communications, emphasizing the generation and detection of mm and THz waves. It explores specifications, innovations in new materials for high-speed terahertz and millimeter-wave technology, and considerations related to components and system aspects. Additionally, the book explores the integration of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) in smart communication systems, along with potential applications for advanced wireless communications. Furthermore, it concentrates on recent advances and diverse research prospects in Next-Generation Wireless Communication Technologies. The book also seeks theoretical, methodological, well-established, and validated empirical work addressing these various topics.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Part I Millimeter Wave (mm-Wave) Technology and Its Applications
1 Compact MIMO Antenna Design with Enhanced Isolation for mm-Wave Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 MIMO Antenna Design
1.3 Results and Discussions
1.4 Conclusion
References
2 Security Threats and Privacy Challenges in Millimeter-Wave Communications
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Evolution of mmWave Communications
2.1.2 Scope and Significance of Security Threats
2.1.3 Privacy Challenges in mmWave Networks
2.2 Security Threats in mmWave Communications
2.2.1 Eavesdropping and Interception
2.2.2 Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
2.2.3 Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks
2.2.4 Physical Layer Attacks
2.2.5 Authentication and Authorization Vulnerabilities
2.3 Privacy Concerns in mmWave Networks
2.3.1 Location Tracking and Profiling
2.3.2 Data Breaches and Information Leakage
2.3.3 Identity Theft and Impersonation
2.4 Vulnerabilities and Exploitable Weaknesses
2.4.1 Beamforming and Signal Interception
2.4.2 Spectrum Sharing and Frequency Hijacking
2.4.3 Inadequate Authentication Mechanisms
2.4.4 Lack of Standardized Security Protocols
2.5 Mitigation Strategies for Security Threats
2.5.1 Encryption and Cryptographic Techniques
2.5.2 Secure Key Exchange Protocols
2.5.3 Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
2.5.4 Enhanced Authentication Mechanisms
2.5.5 Spectrum Management and Dynamic Frequency Allocation
2.6 Future Perspectives and Emerging Trends
2.6.1 Advancements in mmWave Security Solutions
2.6.2 Integration of AI and Machine Learning for Threat Detection
2.6.3 Evolving Privacy Standards and Policies
2.6.4 Anticipated Challenges in Next-Generation mmWave Networks
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 The Performance Analysis on Channel Estimation in Millimeter-Wave Communication and Their Challenges
3.1 Introduction
3.2 System Model
3.2.1 Problem Formulation
3.3 Iterative Methods
3.3.1 Approximate Message Passing (AMP) Algorithm
3.3.2 Learned Approximate Message Passing (AMP) Algorithm
3.3.3 Learning the LAMP Parameters
3.3.4 Vector Approximate Message Passing (VAMP) Algorithm
3.3.5 EM-VAMP Algorithm
3.4 Proposed VAMP-SBL-EM Algorithm
3.5 Simulation
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Innovative mm-Wave Compact Dual-Port MIMO Antenna with Inherent Wideband Isolation at 28 GHz for 5G Wireless Networks
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure and Performance Analysis of the Submitted Individual Antenna
4.2.1 Submitted Antenna Layout
4.2.2 Antenna Evolutionary Phases
4.2.3 Exploration of Trapezoidal Slot Parameters Through Comprehensive Analysis
4.2.4 Findings and Analysis
4.3 Antenna Configuration in MIMO Composition
4.3.1 Layout and Scattering Parameters
4.3.2 Characteristics of Diversity
4.3.3 Evaluation Through Relevant Earlier Research
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Design of Ka-Band Power Amplifier and Low-Noise Amplifier for 5G Communication Systems
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Power Amplifier
5.1.2 Low-Noise Amplifier
5.1.3 GaN HEMT
5.1.4 Objective
5.2 Literature Survey
5.2.1 5G RF Front End
5.2.2 Power Amplifier
5.2.3 Low-Noise Amplifier
5.2.4 Biasing Network
5.3 Design of Power Amplifier
5.3.1 Design Consideration
5.3.2 Proposed Power Amplifier Using UMS GH15-10
5.4 Low-Noise Amplifier
5.4.1 Design Consideration
5.4.2 Proposed Low-Noise Amplifier Design Using UMS GH15-10
5.5 Summary
References
6 Advanced MIMO Antenna Design with Defected Ground Structure for 5G NR (N75 and N77) Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Geometry of the MIMO System
6.3 MIMO Analysis
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Beamforming Array Failure Correction for mm-Wave Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Significance of Cosecant 4th Power Pattern
7.1.2 Element Failure
7.2 Literature Review
7.2.1 Software-Based Antenna Array Element Failure Correction Techniques
7.3 Microstrip Patch Series-Fed Antenna
7.4 Proposed Genetic Algorithm for Element Failure Correction
7.5 Results and Discussion
7.6 Summary
Appendix
References
8 A Novel, Compact, Broadband Band-Stop Filter for Rejecting 5G Millimeter-Wave Communications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fundamentals of Filters
8.2.1 Filter Categories
8.2.2 Filter Classes
8.2.3 Importance of Filters in Communication Systems
8.2.4 Filtenna
8.3 Fundamentals of Filters
8.3.1 Types of Band-Stop Filters
8.3.2 Characteristics of Band-Stop Filters
8.3.3 Applications and Uses
8.4 Design and Analysis of a Band-Stop Filter
8.4.1 Parametric Study
8.4.2 Band-Stop Filter Equivalent Circuit
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 A Compact Two-Port Semi-flexible Dual-Band Circularly Polarized MIMO Antenna Structure for Millimeter-Wave 26/31 GHz 5G Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 MIMO Antenna Design and Discussion
9.3 Simulated Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Impedance Characteristics
9.3.2 Bending Analysis
9.3.3 Radiation Characteristics
9.3.4 Diversity Performance
9.4 Conclusion
References
10 Extension of Indoor MmW Link Radio Coverage in Non-line-of-Sight Conditions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Propagation Using Passive Reflectors at 60 GHz
10.2.1 Use of a Passive Reflector in an L-Shaped Corridor
10.2.2 Use of a Passive Reflector Array in a T-Shaped Corridor
10.3 Impact of Blocking by the Human Body at 60 GHz
10.3.1 Measurement Environment
10.3.2 Measurement Scenario
10.3.3 Measurement Results
10.4 Conclusions
References
11 Design and Analysis of Conformal Millimeter Wave Antenna for Next Generation Wireless Communication
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Design of Conformal Antenna Array
11.3 Result and Discussion
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 H-Shaped Resonators for UWB Bandpass Filter for 5G Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Overview of Filters
12.3 The First Bandpass Filter
12.4 The Second Bandpass Filter
12.5 The Proposed UWB Bandpass Filter
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Spatially Correlated Channels Investigation: Estimation and Hardening in Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Related Works
13.2.1 Work Organization
13.3 System Model
13.3.1 Pilots Sequence Phase
13.4 Channel Estimation
13.5 Channel Hardening
13.6 Spatial Correlation Matrix
13.6.1 Spatial Correlation Matrix Over ULC
13.6.2 Spatial Correlation Matrix Over UCC
13.7 Simulation Results
13.8 Conclusion
References
Part II Terahertz Technology and Its Applications
14 THz Antennas: Applications and Challenges—A Review
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Single THz Antenna
14.3 Array THz Antenna
14.4 MIMO THz Antenna
14.5 THz Antenna’s Challenges
14.6 Conclusion
References
15 Fractal MIMO Antenna Design for High-Frequency Terahertz Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Antenna Geometry
15.3 Results Explanation
15.4 MIMO Parameters
15.5 Conclusion
References
16 Evaluating the Performance of a Transparent MIMO Nano-Antenna for Wireless Health: Addressing Terahertz Challenges in Integrated Medical Device Networks
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Related Works
16.3 Antenna Characteristics
16.3.1 AI-Enhanced Antenna Radiation Pattern Optimization
16.3.2 Enhancing Antenna Gain with Artificial Intelligence
16.3.3 Antenna Selection Factors
16.3.4 Key Antenna Parameters and Practical Design Guidelines
16.4 MIMO Nano-Antenna
16.5 Performance Analysis and Discussion
16.6 Conclusion
References
17 Design of a Broadband (0.84–1.2 THz) Microstrip Patch Antenna Utilizing Graphene Material and Polyimide Substrate for Terahertz 6G Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Presentation of Graphene
17.3 Design of the Proposed Graphene Patch Antenna
17.4 Simulation Results and Discussion
17.5 Comparison Analysis
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Investigation on LP-OFDM for THz Application
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The LP-OFDM System
18.2.1 Description of the LP-OFDM
18.2.2 LP-OFDM Signal Expressions
18.2.3 The Choice of the Linear Precoding Matrix
18.2.4 Receiving LP-OFDM Signals
18.2.5 Characteristics of an LP-OFDM Signal
18.3 Formulation of the BER Maximization Problem
18.3.1 The Classic Method
18.3.2 Improvement of the LP-LCG Method
18.4 Simulation Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Performance of the Proposed System
18.4.2 Comparison of the Different Solutions
18.5 Conclusion
References
19 Terahertz Technology and Its Importance in the Field of Biomedical Application: A Review
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Terahertz Technology: A Historical Perspective
19.2.1 Early Research
19.2.2 Key Developments in 1980s–1990s
19.2.3 Applications and Progress in 2000s–2010s
19.2.4 Advancements in Terahertz Technology Post-2010
19.2.5 Major Advancements 2010–2023
19.3 Biomedical Applications of Terahertz Technology
19.3.1 Terahertz Imaging
19.3.2 Advantages of THz for Heart Attack Detection
19.3.3 Terahertz Spectroscopy for Disease Diagnosis
19.3.4 Advantages of Terahertz Technology in Brain Tumour Detection
19.4 Importance of Terahertz Technology in Biomedicine
19.5 Case Studies: Terahertz Technology in Biomedical Research
19.6 Challenges and Limitations of Terahertz Technology in Biomedical Application
19.6.1 Technical Challenges
19.6.2 Ethical Challenges
19.6.3 Regulatory Challenges
19.6.4 Cost Challenges
19.6.5 Integration Challenges
19.7 Conclusion
References
20 Design and Analysis of Frequency Selective Surface for Gain Enhancement in Terahertz Applications
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Unit Cell and Frequency Selective Surface Geometry
20.3 Conclusion
References
21 Terahertz Waves in Biomedicine: Pioneering Imaging and Sensing for Healthcare Revolution
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 The Terahertz Frequency Range in Biomedical Application
21.1.2 Non-ionizing Attributes and Material Penetration
21.2 Interaction of Materials with Terahertz Waves
21.2.1 Penetration of Plastics, Clothing, and Ceramics
21.2.2 Water Absorption and Contrast in Biological Tissues
21.3 Terahertz in Imaging Applications
21.3.1 Cancer Identification
21.3.2 Skin Imaging
21.3.3 Wound Healing Assessment
21.4 Terahertz Sensing Applications
21.4.1 Pharmaceutical Analysis
21.4.2 Bimolecular Sensing
21.4.3 Monitoring Water Content
21.5 Challenges and Ongoing Developments
21.5.1 Resolution, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, and Instrumentation Complexity
21.5.2 Advancements in Terahertz Time-Domain Imaging (THz-TDI)
21.5.3 Exploration of Terahertz-Computed Tomography (THz-CT)
21.5.4 Therapeutic Potential: Selective Heating and Cellular Modulation
21.5.5 Advancements in Terahertz Sources and Detectors: Toward Miniaturization
21.6 Future Prospects
21.7 Conclusion
References
22 The Analog Design of a Voltage Generator in 180 nm CMOS Technology
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Architecture
22.2.1 Rectifier
22.2.2 Voltage Regulator
22.3 Results and Discussions
22.3.1 Voltage Rectifier Circuit
22.3.2 Voltage Regulator Circuit
22.3.3 Rectifier and Regulator Circuit
22.4 Conclusion
References
23 Satellite and Terrestrial Mobile Integration-Potential and Open Issues for 5G and Terahertz Communication
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Related Work
23.3 Non-terrestrial Networks (NTN)
23.3.1 General Architecture
23.3.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
23.3.3 High Altitude Platform (HAP)
23.4 Necessity of Integration
23.4.1 Use in Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
23.4.2 Use for Massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC)
23.4.3 Application in Ultra-reliable Low Latency Communication (uRLLC)
23.5 How the Integration is Done?
23.6 Challenges
23.6.1 Use in eMBB
23.6.2 Spectrum Scarcity
23.6.3 Satellite Propagation Delay
23.6.4 Doppler Effect
23.6.5 Security
23.7 Air Interface Key Enablers
23.7.1 Channel Modeling
23.7.2 Antennas
23.7.3 Ultra-high Throughput Satellites (UHTS)
23.7.4 Data Support
23.7.5 Others
23.8 Applications
23.9 Results and Discussions
23.10 Future Direction
23.11 Conclusion
References
24 Design of an Image Frequency Rejection Mixer for the Terahertz Band
24.1 Receiver System Architectures
24.2 Theoretical Study of the Mixer
24.2.1 Operating Principle
24.2.2 Mixer Performance
24.2.3 Simply Balanced Mixer (SBM) Architecture
24.3 Design of a pHEMT Mixer for the THz Band
24.3.1 Mixer Bias Circuit
24.3.2 Improving SBM Performance with Charge Injection
24.3.3 SBM Performance with a Serial Shunt Point
24.4 Comparison of Results
24.5 Conclusion
References
25 Spatially Efficient MIMO Antenna Design Using Photonic Crystal and Polyimide Substrate
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Antenna Geometry
25.3 Results Analysis
25.4 Analysis of Diversity Parameters
25.5 Conclusion
References
26 Modeling Terahertz Patch Antenna Using the Wave Concept Iterative Process in Frequency Range 6–15 THz
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Problem Formulation
26.2.1 Patch Antenna Geometry
26.2.2 Theory of Wave Concept Iterative Method
26.3 Results and Discussion
26.3.1 Analysis of the Patch Antenna
26.4 Conclusion
References
27 Study and Design of a Printed Microstrip Antenna in the Terahertz Band
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Properties, Characteristics and Typical Applications of Terahertz Waves
27.2.1 Definition
27.2.2 General Description of the Frequency Range Above 275 GHz
27.2.3 Characteristics of the Frequency Range Above 275 GHz
27.2.4 Main Applications of Terahertz Waves
27.2.5 Terahertz Wireless Communications
27.2.6 Properties
27.2.7 Terahertz Electromagnetic-Wave Detectors
27.3 Printed Antenna for THz Frequencies
27.3.1 What is an Antenna?
27.3.2 The Printed or Patch Antenna
27.3.3 Printed Antenna Design Operates at 300 GHz
27.4 Results of the Simulation and Discussion
27.5 Conclusion
References
Part III Advances in Materials for Optical Spectrum Applications
28 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Photosensitive Spectrum Applications: An Inclusive Review
28.1 Introduction
28.1.1 Background of the Study
28.1.2 Structure of Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanomaterial
28.2 Graphene Synthesis Technique
28.2.1 Exfoliation Process
28.2.2 Graphene by Adhesive Tape Method
28.2.3 Graphene-Oxide Reduction
28.2.4 Shearing
28.2.5 Graphene by Solvent-Aided Process
28.2.6 Graphene by Using Immiscible Liquids
28.2.7 Electrochemical Syntheses
28.2.8 Graphene by Hydrothermal Self-Assemble Process
28.2.9 Epitaxy
28.2.10 Microwave-Assisted Reduction
28.2.11 Chemical Vapor Deposition
28.3 Graphite Powder to Graphene Oxide Journey
28.4 Overview of Graphene Nanocomposite
28.5 In Optical Field
28.6 Various Applications
28.6.1 Graphene as Transparency Conductive Films
28.6.2 Light-Emitting Devices
28.6.3 Graphene Optical Modulator
28.6.4 Graphene in IR Application
28.6.5 Graphene in IR Photodetector
28.6.6 Graphene Plasmonics: IR Advancements
28.6.7 Graphene IR Metamaterial Advancement
28.6.8 Graphene in THz Optics
28.7 Conclusion Outlook and Remarks
References
29 Conducting Polymer Coated Nanomaterial: An Advanced Material for Optoelectronic Devices
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Advanced Materials
29.2.1 Polyaniline (PANI)
29.2.2 Polypyrrole
29.2.3 Inorganic Organic Hybrid Nanomaterial
29.3 Synthesis
29.4 Characterization
29.4.1 Morphology
29.4.2 XRD Pattern
29.4.3 Structural Analysis Using FTIR
29.5 Mechanism of Formation
29.6 Optical Property
29.6.1 Optical Absorption Spectrum
29.6.2 Photoluminescence (PL)
29.7 Electrical Property
29.8 Conclusion
References
30 Machine-Learning-Enhanced Polarization Splitter in Silicon-Integrated Dual-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Material and Design
30.3 Numerical Analysis
30.4 Results and Discussions
30.4.1 Optimization of PCF Design Parameters
30.4.2 Features of the Proposed PCF
30.4.3 Cross-Talk Performance of the Proposed PCF
30.5 Implementing Machine Learning
30.5.1 Program Code
30.6 Conclusion
References
31 Progress in Birefringent Material-Based Achromatic Phase Modulators
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Mathematical Aspects for Retarder Designing
31.2.1 Conventional Approach
31.2.2 Calculation of Plate Thickness
31.3 Achromatic Phase Retarder Having Plates of the Same Birefringent Materials
31.3.1 Superachromatic Phase Modulator with the Same Materials in the Visible Range
31.4 Achromatic Phase Modulator with Different Birefringent Materials
31.4.1 Superachromatic Phase Modulator Retarder Using More Than Two Birefringent Plates Covering Visible to SWIR Range
31.4.2 Superachromatic Phase Modulator Using Different Materials in the SWIR Range
31.4.3 Superachromatic Quarter-Wave Retarder Design with Optimum Thickness of Waveplates Using Flower Pollination Algorithm
31.4.4 Proposed System with Different Birefringent Materials Behaving as Superachromatic Retarder in 800–2000 nm Wavelength Range
31.5 Conclusion
References
32 A Highly Stable Perfect Metamaterial Absorber Based on the Plasmonic Effect of Metamaterial Nano-cells for Optical Spectrum Applications
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Related Works
32.3 Theoretical Aspects of Metamaterial Absorbers
32.4 PMMA Design
32.4.1 Proposed Configuration
32.4.2 Simulation Arrangement
32.5 Results and Discussion
32.5.1 Frequency Spectra of the Proposed PMMA
32.5.2 PMMA Adaptation
32.5.3 Extraction of Effective Parameters
32.5.4 Polarization Analysis
32.5.5 Surface Current Distribution on PMMA
32.5.6 Influence on Absorption Performance
32.5.7 Equivalent Circuit Model
32.6 Comparison with State of the Art
32.7 Fabrication Possibilities
32.8 Conclusions
References
Part IV Recent Developments in Optical Wireless Communication Technology
33 Video Encryption Using Diffraction Grating and QR Code in Optical Frequency Domain
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Methodology
33.3 Result
33.4 Conclusion
References
34 All-Optical Binary Decrementer Using Terahertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer Switches
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Interferometric Optical Switch Utilizing TOAD Technology
34.3 All-Optical Decrementer
34.4 Circuit Performance Analysis and Discussion
34.5 Conclusion
References
35 Software Defined Optical Wireless Network with AI
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Software Defined Network (SDN)
35.2.1 Infrastructure Layer
35.3 Software Defined Optical Network (SDON)
35.4 SDN Interfaces
35.4.1 Northbound Interfaces (NBIs)/Application-Controller Plane Interfaces (A-CPI)
35.4.2 Southbound Interfaces (SBIs)
35.4.3 Overview of Optical Networking
35.5 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
35.5.1 Unsupervised Learning
35.5.2 Reinforcement Learning (RL)
35.5.3 AI Algorithms
35.6 AI in SDN
35.6.1 Supervised Deep Learning in SDN
35.6.2 WOA in SDN
35.6.3 Enabling Technologies in the Device Aspect
35.6.4 AI Based Optical Network Traffic Prediction
35.7 AI-Powered Resource Allocation in Optical Networks
35.7.1 Supervised Learning for Resource Allocation Strategy
35.7.2 Optical Network Routing Assignment
35.7.3 Supervised Learning-Based Routing
35.7.4 Intra-Domain Learning with LSTM
35.7.5 Reinforcement Learning for Decision-Making
35.7.6 Supervised Learning and Integer Linear Programming (ILP) for RWA
35.8 AI Based Optical Network Failure Management
35.8.1 Network Scale and Alarm Analysis
35.8.2 Alarm Analysis
35.8.3 Failure Localization
35.8.4 Hybrid Failure Localization Method
35.8.5 Data Visualization for Failure Localization
35.9 Conclusion
References
36 Enhancing Optical MIMO System Performance Through Optical Multiplexing and Amplification
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Optical Communication System
36.3 Design of Optical Communication Systems
36.4 Performance Analysis of a (3 × 3) MIMO System
36.4.1 Long-Haul Optical Communication Chain
36.4.2 Three Optical Communication Subchains
36.4.3 Assessment of Optical Amplification in the Proposed System
36.5 Conclusion
References
37 Fostering Advanced Optical Wireless Communication: Approaches for Addressing 5G/6G, IoT, Industry 4.0, and WLANs
37.1 Introduction
37.1.1 Free-Space Optical Communication (FSO)
37.1.2 Visible Light Communication (VLC)
37.1.3 5G /6G Networks
37.1.4 Internet of Things (IoT)
37.1.5 Industry 4.0
37.1.6 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
37.2 Challenges in 5G /6G, IoT, Industry 4.0, and WLANs
37.2.1 High Data Rates and Spectrum Efficiency
37.2.2 Interference and Coexistence
37.2.3 Security and Privacy
37.2.4 Scalability
37.2.5 Line of Sight and Obstacles
37.2.6 Energy Efficiency
37.2.7 Integration and Standardization
37.2.8 Cost and Scalability
37.2.9 Environmental Factors
37.3 Free-Space Optical Communication (FSO)
37.3.1 Key Features and Advantages of FSO
37.3.2 Challenges and Considerations
37.3.3 Applications of FSO
37.4 Visible Light Communication (VLC)
37.4.1 Key Features and Advantages of VLC
37.4.2 Challenges and Considerations
37.4.3 Applications of VLC
37.5 FSO and VLC in 5G /6G Networks, the Internet of Things (IoT), Industry 4.0, and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
37.5.1 FSO and VLC in 5G /6G Networks
37.5.2 FSO and VLC in IoT
37.5.3 FSO and VLC in Industry 4.0
37.5.4 FSO and VLC in WLANs
37.5.5 Hybrid Solutions
37.6 Optical Wireless Solutions in 5G /6G Networks
37.6.1 Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)
37.6.2 Optical Wireless Backhaul
37.6.3 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
37.6.4 Terahertz (THz) Communications
37.6.5 Network Synchronization
37.6.6 Energy Efficiency
37.7 Optical Wireless Solutions for IoT Deployments
37.7.1 High Data Rates
37.7.2 Low Latency
37.7.3 Energy Efficiency
37.7.4 Security
37.7.5 Interference Immunity
37.7.6 Indoor and Controlled Environments
37.7.7 Healthcare and Sensitive Environments
37.7.8 Smart Agriculture
37.7.9 Environmental Monitoring
37.7.10 Retail and Location-Based Services
37.8 Industry 4.0: Revolutionizing Manufacturing with Optical Wireless Solutions
37.8.1 High-Speed Data Transfer
37.8.2 Low Latency
37.8.3 Network Reliability
37.8.4 Energy Efficiency
37.8.5 Security
37.8.6 Flexibility and Scalability
37.8.7 Indoor Localization
37.8.8 Maintenance and Predictive Analytics
37.8.9 Quality Control
37.8.10 Human–Machine Interaction
37.8.11 Supply Chain Integration
37.9 Optical-Based Solutions for WLANs
37.9.1 Indoor Navigation and Positioning
37.9.2 Smart Lighting Integration
37.9.3 Low Interference and Secure Communication
37.9.4 Healthcare and Sensitive Environments
37.9.5 Energy Efficiency
37.9.6 High-Density Environments
37.9.7 Data Security in Critical Applications
37.9.8 Underwater Communications
37.10 Advanced Optical Communication Technologies
37.10.1 Advanced Modulation Schemes
37.10.2 Beamforming and Tracking
37.10.3 Hybrid Solutions
37.10.4 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
37.10.5 Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)
37.10.6 Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)
37.10.7 Miniaturization
37.10.8 Terrestrial and Satellite Integration
37.11 Conclusion and Future Work
References