MXenes: Next-Generation 2D Materials. Fundamentals and Applications

✍ Scribed by Singh J., Singh K.R., Singh R.P., Adetunji C.O. (ed.)

• Publisher: Wiley & Sons
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 377
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

One-stop reference explaining the manufacturing, design, and many applications of MXenes in an easy-to-understand linear format.
MXenes is a one-stop reference on MXenes, a promising new class of 2D materials, discussing the routes of functionalization and modifications towards high performance materials and providing broad coverage of lab synthesis methods. To aid in reader comprehension, this text presents the topic in a linear fashion, starting with an introduction to MXenes and ending with a comparison of MXenes to other similar 2D materials, discussing limitations, advantages, future perspectives, and challenges of both MXenes and MXene-based materials.
The text covers up-to-date research in the field with a strong focus on novel findings in various devices along with core technological advancements that have been made in recent years. MXenes discusses sample topics such as:
Properties of MXenes, including strong hydrophilicity, exceptional conductivity, high elastic mechanical strength, large surface-to-volume ratio, and chemical stability
Applications of MXenes in energy storage, optoelectronics, spintronics, biomedicine, electro-catalysis, photocatalysis, membrane separation, supercapacitors, and batteries.
Performance factors that can hinder the efficacy of MXenes, including aggregation, difficulty obtaining a single layer, restacking, and oxidation of MXene nanosheets
State-of-the-art progress in the field of gas sensors and electrochemical biosensors for the detection of various biomolecules, pharmaceutical drugs, and environmental pollutants.
Containing everything readers need to know about this exciting new class of 2D materials, MXenes is an essential reference for professionals working in advanced materials science, flexible electronics, nanoelectronics, and the energy industry, along with chemists, material scientists, and engineers in nanoscience and nanotechnology.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
MXenes: Next-Generation 2D Materials. Fundamentals and Applications
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Editor Biographies
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgment
1. Introduction to MXenes a Next-generation 2D Material
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Properties
1.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of MXenes
1.4 Characterization of MXenes
1.5 Application of MXenes
1.5.1 Biomedical
1.5.2 Agricultural
1.5.3 Environmental
1.5.4 Miscellaneous Field
1.6 Current Scenario, Risk Assessment, and Challenges
1.7 Conclusion and Prospects
References
2. Structure, Composition, and Functionalization of MXenes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 MXenes Composition
2.2.1 Group IV Elemental Analog
2.2.2 Group V Elemental Analog
2.2.3 Group VI Elemental Analog
2.3 Structural Analysis Regarding MXenes
2.3.1 Theoretical Studies
2.3.2 Computational Studies
2.4 Structure Functionalization of MXene
2.4.1 Different Group Used for Structural Functionalization
2.4.1.1 Oxygen‐Functionalized MXene
2.4.1.2 Sulfur‐Functionalized MXenes
2.4.1.3 Methoxy Group‐Functionalized MXenes
2.4.2 Factor Affecting the Structure Functionalization
2.4.2.1 Electric and Optical Properties
2.4.2.2 Thermal Conductivity
2.4.2.3 Electrochemical Properties
2.4.2.4 Thermoelectric Property
2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
References
3. Synthesis of MXenes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fabrication of MXene
3.2.1 Fabrication Through Etching Agents
3.2.1.1 HF Etchants
3.2.1.2 In situ HF Etchants
3.2.1.3 MXenes Preparation Through Fluoride Free Routes
3.2.1.4 Molten Fluoride Salt as Etchants
3.2.1.5 MXenes Prepared from Unconventional Al‐MAX Phases
3.3 Conclusion
References
4. Physicochemical and Biological Properties of MXenes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure and Synthesis of MXenes
4.3 Properties of MXenes
4.3.1 Biomedical Properties of MXenes
4.3.2 Electronic and Transport Properties
4.3.3 Optical Properties
4.3.4 Magnetic Properties
4.3.5 Topological Properties
4.3.6 Vibrational Properties
4.3.7 Electrochemical Properties
4.3.8 Thermal Properties
4.4 Conclusion and future Perspectives
References
5. Processing and Characterization of MXenes and Their Nanocomposites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Processing Techniques
5.2.1 Solution Blending
5.2.2 In Situ Polymerization Technique
5.2.3 Melt Blending
5.2.4 Electrospinning
5.2.5 Vacuum‐Assisted Filtration (VAF) Method
5.2.6 Spin Coating
5.3 Characterization Techniques
5.3.1 X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD)
5.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy
5.3.3 X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)
5.3.4 X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
5.3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
5.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
5.3.7 Raman Spectroscopy
5.4 Conclusion
References
6. Progressive Approach Toward MXenes Hydrogel
6.1 Hydrogels
6.1.1 Hydrogels Classification
6.1.2 Properties of Hydrogels
6.2 MXene‐Based Hydrogels
6.2.1 Applications of MXene Hydrogels
6.2.2 Mechanisms of Synthesis and Gelation of MXene Hydrogels
6.2.2.1 All‐MXene Hydrogels
6.2.2.2 MXene‐GO Nanocomposite Hydrogels
6.2.2.3 MXene‐polymer Nanocomposite Hydrogels
6.2.2.4 MXene‐metal Hybrid Nanocomposite Hydrogels
6.2.3 Properties of MXene‐Based Hydrogels
6.2.4 Applications of MXene‐Based Hydrogels
6.2.4.1 Energy Storage
6.2.4.2 Biomedical Applications
6.2.4.3 Catalysts
6.2.4.4 Sensors
6.3 Conclusions
References
7. Comparison of MXenes with Other 2D Materials
7.1 Introduction of MXenes
7.2 MXenes vs. Carbon Materials
7.3 MXenes vs. 2D‐chalcogenide/Carbide/Nitride
7.4 MXenes vs. 2D Metal–Organic Frameworks
7.5 Summary
References
8. Newly Emerging 2D MXenes for Hydrogen Storage
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structural Properties of MXene
8.3 Synthesis Techniques
8.4 H2 Storage Reaction Mechanisms
8.4.1 Adsorption
8.4.2 Kinetics and Thermodynamics
8.4.2.1 Kinetic Models
8.4.2.2 Geometrical Contraction
8.4.2.3 Contracting Volume Model
8.4.2.4 Jander Model
8.4.2.5 Ginstling–Brounshtein Model
8.4.2.6 Valensi–Carter Model
8.4.2.7 Nucleation‐Growth Impingement Models
8.5 Factors Influencing H2 Storage
8.6 Recent Advances in MXene‐Based Compounds for H2 Storage
8.7 Conclusions
8.8 Future Perspectives and Challenges
Acknowledgment
References
9. MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Two‐dimensional MXenes Structure
9.3 MXenes' Characteristics
9.3.1 Characteristics of the Structure
9.3.2 Electronic Characteristics
9.3.3 Optical Characteristics
9.3.4 Magnetic Characteristics
9.4 MXenes as a Source of Energy Storage
9.4.1 Supercapacitor Energy Storage Mechanism
9.4.2 Morphology's Effect on MXenes' Energy Storage
9.4.3 MXene Functional Group Reactivity and Supercapacitors
9.4.4 Electrolytes' Role in the Storage Technology
9.5 Supercapacitor Systems of MXene and Hybrid
9.5.1 MXene in Their Original State
9.5.2 MXene Heterostructures
9.5.3 Hybrids of Transition Metal Oxides in MXene
9.5.4 Hierarchical Anode Structure
9.5.5 Appropriate Positive Electrode Design
9.5.6 Microsupercapacitors
9.6 Prospects
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. MXenes-based Biosensors
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biosensing Application
10.2.1 Biomedical
10.2.2 Environmental
10.2.3 Agricultural
10.3 Challenges and Limitations
10.4 Conclusion and Prospects
References
11. Advances in Ti3C2 MXene and Its Composites for the Adsorption Process and Photocatalytic Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ti3C2 as Adsorbent for the Metal Ions
11.3 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism of Organic Pollutants via Ti3C2 MXene and Its Derivatives
11.3.1 Heterostructuring the Ti3C2 with Metal Oxides
11.3.2 Heterostructuring the Ti3C2/Ti3C2Tx with Metal Sulphides
11.3.3 Heterostructuring the Ti3C2/Ti3C2Tx with Ag/Bi‐based Semiconductors and Layered Double Hydroxides
11.4 Ternary Heterostructures based on the Ti3C2
11.5 Gap Analysis
11.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
12. MXenes and its Hybrid Nanocomposites for Gas Sensing Applications in Breath Analysis
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Discussion
12.3 Conclusion
References
13. MXenes for Catalysis and Electrocatalysis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Application of MXene for Catalytic Processes
13.2.1 CO2 Reduction Reaction
13.2.2 Nitrogen Reduction Reaction
13.2.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
13.2.4 Oxygen Evolution Reactions
13.3 Strategies for Optimization of Catalytic Potential of MXenes
13.3.1 Termination Modification
13.3.2 Nanostructuring
13.3.3 Hybridization
13.3.4 Metal Atom Doping
13.4 Conclusion and Future Trend
References
14. MXene and Its Hybrid Materials for Photothermal Therapy
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Photothermal Conversion
14.2.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Effect (LSPR)
14.2.2 Electron–Hole Generation
14.2.3 Hyperconjugation Effect
14.3 Optical and Thermal Properties of Mxenes
14.4 Photothermal Conversion Mechanism of MXenes
14.5 Applications of MXenes in Photothermal Therapy
14.5.1 Photothermal Therapy
14.5.2 PTT‐Coupled Chemotherapy
14.5.3 PTT Coupled Immunotherapy
14.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interest
References
15. MXenes and Its Composites for Biomedical Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Various Biomedical Applications of MXenes
15.2.1 Biosensor Applications
15.2.2 Cancer Treatment
15.2.3 Antibacterial Properties
15.2.4 Drug Delivery
15.3 Conclusion
References
16. MXenes for Point of Care Devices (POC)
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Characteristics of MXenes on Biosensing
16.2.1 Advantages of MXene and its Derivatives for Biosensing
16.2.2 Disadvantages of MXene and its Derivatives for Biosensing
16.2.3 Sensing Mechanism of MXene Wearables
16.3 Point‐of‐Care Diagnosing COVID‐19: Methods Used to Date
16.4 Applications of MXenes as PoCs
16.4.1 Cancer Diagnosis
16.4.2 Diagnosis of Bacterial and Viral Diseases
16.5 Current Challenges and Future Outlook
16.6 Conclusion
References
17. MXenes and Their Hybrids for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Properties of MXenes
17.2.1 Stability
17.2.2 Electrical Conductivity
17.2.3 Magnetic Properties
17.2.4 Dielectric Properties
17.3 Various MXene Hybrids For EMI‐Hielding
17.3.1 Textile‐based
17.3.2 Insulating Polymer‐based
17.3.3 Aerogels, Hydrogels, and Foams
17.3.4 Polymer Thin Films
17.3.5 Electrospun Mats
17.3.6 Paper‐Based Composites
17.3.7 Laminates
17.4 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer‐based
17.4.1 Aerogels, Hydrogels, and Foams
17.4.2 Polymer Thin Films
17.4.3 Paper
17.5 Graphene‐based
17.5.1 Foam/Aerogels
17.5.2 Films
17.5.3 Laminates
17.6 Conclusion
References
18. Technological Aspects in the Development of MXenes and Its Hybrid Nanocomposites: Current Challenges and Prospects
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Progressive Approach Towards MXene Composites and Hybrids
18.2.1 MXene‐Metal Composite
18.2.2 MXene‐Carbon Composites
18.2.3 MXene‐Polymer Composites
18.2.4 MXene‐Oxide Composites
18.3 Technological Progress of MXene and Its Hybrids for Biomedical Sector
18.3.1 Bioimaging
18.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity
18.3.3 Biosensor
18.4 Technological Progress of MXene and Its Hybrids for Energy Sector
18.4.1 Ion Batteries
18.4.2 Supercapacitors
18.5 Technological Progress of MXene and Its Hybrids for Environment Sector
18.5.1 Water Treatment
18.5.2 Dye Degradation
18.6 Technological Challenges and Outlook
References
Index