Mechano-electrical feedback is studied by incorporating linear, instantaneously activating mechano-sensitive conductances into single cardiac cell models, as well as one- and two-dimensional cardiac network models. The models qualitatively reproduce effects of maintained mechanical stretch on experimentally measured action potential characteristics such as amplitude, maximum diastolic potential, peak upstroke velocity, and conduction velocity. Models are also used to simulate stretch-induced depolarizations, action potentials, and arrhythmias produced by pulsatile volume changes in left ventricle of dog. The mechano-sensitive conductance threshold for a stretch-induced action potential is closely related to the magnitude of the time-independent K+ current, IK1, which offsets inward mechano-sensitive current. Activation of mechano-sensitive conductances in small, spatially localized region of cells can evoke graded depolarizations, propagating ectopic beats, and if timed appropriately, spiral reentrant waves. Mechano-sensitive conductance changes required to evoke these responses are well within the physiologically plausible range. Results therefore indicate that many mechano-electrical feedback effects can be modeled using linear, instantaneously activating mechano-sensitive conductances. As an example of how stretch can occur in real human hearts, magnetic resonance images with saturation tagging are used to reconstruct the three-dimensional left ventricular wall motion. In patients with infarcts or recent ischemic events, "paradoxical deformation" is observed in that regions of myocardium are stretched rather than contracted during systole. In contrast, normal hearts contract uniformly with no stretch during systole. Paradoxical deformations in ischemic hearts may therefore present one possible substrate for the mechanically induced arrhythmias modeled above.