Mitral Valve Disease: Basic Sciences and Current Approaches to Management

✍ Scribed by Francis C. Wells; Robert H. Anderson

• Publisher: Springer Nature
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 215
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides a comprehensive review of the basic science of the mitral valve needed to begin to comprehend both normal and the failing valve. This knowledge is infrequently discussed in the clinical arena, with a rush towards definition of lesions based on limited analysis. It provides a ready single source of the most important basic science subjects pertaining to the valve, and the pathologies found therein, and thus a more complete understanding of the factors that result in dysfunction may be appreciated. Mitral Valve Disease: Basic Sciences and Current Approaches to Management includes chapters on embryology and anatomy, including details of structural, comparative and functional features. Since the valve is completely influenced by genetics and molecular biology, subjects rarely if ever addressed in the clinical arena, these topics receive in-depth attention. Coverage concludes with lengthy discussions of the importance of multi-disciplinary work, along with the importance of the electrophysiological disturbances encountered in some groups of these patients. It therefore is an essential and up-to-date resource for the practicing and trainee cardiac surgeon and any researcher working within this topic.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
1: The Mitral Valve: A Brief History
References
2: Anatomical Development of the Left Atrioventricular Valvar Complex
Introduction
The Initial Stages of Development
References
3: How Should We Describe the Mitral Valve and Its Component Parts?
Introduction
The Mitral Valve
The Mitral Valvar Complex
The Valvar Annulus
The Valvar Leaflets
The Tendinous Cords
The Papillary Muscles
References
4: The Anatomy of the Mitral Valve
Introduction
What Is the Mitral Valve?
The Left Atrioventricular Junction
The Valvar Leaflets
The Tendinous Cords
The Papillary Muscles
References
5: The Surgical Utility of a Detailed Knowledge of the Basic Sciences Pertaining to the Mitral Valve
References
6: The Atrioventricular Valve in the Animal Kingdom
Introduction
Major Evolutionary Trends
The Primitive Atrioventricular Valve
Evolutionary Conservation of the Atrioventricular Canal and Valve
The Atrioventricular Valve Is Modified by Full Atrial Septation
The Atrioventricular Junction Expands Rightwards with Full Ventricular Septation
Flow Across the Atrioventricular Valve Increases Manifold with Warm-Bloodedness
Thick Compact Walls and Large Papillary Muscles with Multiple Tendinous Cords Evolved Together
Blood Vortices in the Left Ventricle of Warm-Blooded Vertebrates
Summary of Major Evolutionary Trends
The Left Atrioventricular Valve at the Extremes
Summary
References
7: The Atrioventricular Complex: Function and Dysfunction
Introduction
The Atrioventricular Complex Through the Cardiac Cycle
The Malfunctioning Mitral valve
Conclusions
References
8: Mitral Valve Pathology
Text
Normal Histology
Age-Associated Changes
Rheumatic Disease
Infective Endocarditis
Non-Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Related Mitral Valve Disease
Congenital Mitral Valve Disease
Trauma
Papillary Muscle Rupture in Ischaemic Heart Disease
Mitral Valve Replacement
Future Work
References
9: Morphogenetic Aspects of Mitral Valve Development
Introductory Remarks
Patterning of the Atrioventricular Canal
Extracellular Matrix
Endocardial-to-Mesenchymal Transformation
Sources of Mitral Valve Interstitial Cells
Endocardial Cells
Second Heart Field-Derived Mesenchyme
Epicardial-Derived Cells
Neural Crest Cells
Bone Marrow-Derived Cells
Mitral Valve Growth and Maturation
Release of the Leaflets and Formation of the Tension Apparatus
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and Valve Remodelling
The Lamellar Mitral Valve Structure
Cilia and Cell Polarity in the Mitral Valve
Conclusions and Perspectives
References
10: Genetics of Mitral Valve Disease
Introduction
Histology and Pathophysiology of MVP
Genetic Basis of Syndromic MVP
MVP as Part of Connective Tissue Disorders
MVP as Part of Complex Congenital Heart Disease
Genetic Basis of Non-Syndromic MVP
Pedigree Studies
Genome-Wide Association Studies
Mitral Valve Prolapse: An Unrecognized Ciliopathy?
Future Perspectives
Technological Advances
Genetic Discoveries Outside of Coding Regions
Genetic Basis of Sudden Cardiac Death Risk in MVP
Conclusions
References
11: Genetics and Genetic Counselling Relevant to Mitral Valve Prolapse
Introduction
Genetics
Familial MVP
Cardiomyopathies and Ion Channelopathies (FLNC, LMNA, HCN4, SCN5A)
Sporadic and Common MVP
Genetic Counselling
Definition of Genetic Counselling
Generation of Referrals for Genetic Counselling
Clinical Evaluation of Family Members
What Should Be Included in Counselling
Types of Genetic Tests
Conclusions
References
12: Assessment of Mitral Valve Function: The Valve and The Ventricle
Characterisation of Mitral Valve Function
Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation Severity
The Left Ventricle in Primary Mitral Regurgitation
Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Function
References
13: Arrhythmias in Mitral Valve Prolapse
Introduction
Early Studies of Arrhythmias in MVP
Population Studies
Recent Studies of Arrhythmias in MVP
Arrhythmia Risk Stratification
ECG Findings
Echocardiography
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Electrophysiology Testing
Mechanisms of VT/VF and Sudden Cardiac Death in MVP
Treatment Options
Medical Therapy
Catheter Ablation
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs)
Mitral Valve Repair
Conclusions
References
14: The Organisation of Specialist Valve Care Provision
References
Correction to: The Anatomy of the Mitral Valve
Index