Miniaturized Biosensing Devices: Fabrication and Applications

✍ Scribed by Pranjal Chandra (editor), Kuldeep Mahato (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 371
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book presents tools and techniques for the development of miniature biosensors and their applications. The initial chapters discuss the advancements in the development of the transduction techniques, including optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric, which are used for miniaturized biosensors. The book also reviews several technologies, such as nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, immune-technology, DNA-technology, micro-manufacturing technology, electronic-circuit technology to increase the miniaturization and sensitivity of the biosensor platform. Subsequently, the chapters illustrate the applications of miniaturized biosensing systems in point-of-care monitoring of treatment and disease progression, environmental monitoring, food control, drug discovery, forensics, and biomedical research. Towards the end, the book discusses the advanced applications of biosensors in water quality monitoring, especially on-line detection systems and on-site detection of pesticides, heavy metals and bacteria in water. This book is an invaluable source for scientists working in biochemical engineering, bioengineering, and biomedical engineering in academia and industry.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Sensor-Assisted Next-Generation Diagnostics: Emerging Concepts, Biomarkers, Technologies, and Challenges
1.1 Emerging Concepts and Connotations of Next-Generation Diagnostics
1.2 Emerging Biomarkers
1.2.1 Biomarkers for Cancer
1.2.1.1 DNA Methylation
1.2.1.2 circRNA
1.2.1.3 miRNA
1.2.1.4 Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs)
1.2.2 Chronic Respiratory Diseases
1.2.2.1 Exhaled Breath Molecules
1.2.2.2 MicroRNA
1.2.3 Cerebrovascular Diseases
1.2.3.1 Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO)
1.2.3.2 Urine Biomarkers
1.2.4 Diabetes
1.2.5 Acute Diseases
1.3 Emerging Technologies
1.3.1 Fundamentals of Biosensors
1.3.1.1 Basic Mechanisms of Biosensors
1.3.1.2 Evolution of Biosensors: From the Classical to the Next Generation
1.3.2 In Vitro Diagnostics
1.3.2.1 Liquid Biopsy
1.3.2.2 Volatolomics
1.3.3 In Vivo Diagnostics
1.3.4 Wearable Health Monitoring Devices
1.3.5 Decision-Making Assistants
1.4 Emerging Challenges
1.5 Conclusion
References
2: Carbon Electrodes as Emerging Platforms for Miniaturization of Electrochemical Biosensors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Experimental Insights to Conventional C-Based Electrodes
2.3 Preparation Methods of Carbon Electrodes
2.4 3D-Printing Strategies of Carbon Materials
2.4.1 Extrusion Technique
2.4.2 Powder Technique
2.4.3 Photopolymerization Technique
2.5 Miniaturized Sensor Application
2.5.1 Miniaturized Sensors for Monitoring Organic Pollutants
2.5.2 Miniaturized Sensors for Cancer Detection
2.6 Analytical Performance of Miniaturized Electrochemical Biosensors
2.7 Miniaturized Sensors
2.7.1 Smart Sensors
2.7.2 Papers
2.7.3 Screen-Printed, Stretchable, and Flexible Electrodes
2.8 Conclusion
References
3: Ion Track-Based Nanofluidic Biosensors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanofabrication: Ion-Track-Etching Technology
3.2.1 Swift Heavy-Ion Irradiation
3.2.2 Chemical Etching
3.3 Transduction by Iontronic Signals
3.3.1 Iontronic Response Modulated by Surface Charges
3.3.2 Iontronic Response Modulated by Steric Effects
3.4 Ion-Track -Based Nanofluidic Biosensors
3.4.1 Strategies for the Integration of Bioreceptors
3.4.1.1 Covalent Functionalization: EDC/NHS Coupling Reaction
3.4.1.2 Electrostatic Self-Assembly
3.4.1.3 Atomic Layer Deposition and Silanization
3.4.1.4 Metallic Deposition and Postmodification
3.4.2 Biorecognition Mechanisms
3.4.2.1 Nucleic Acids
Mechanical Transduction Modulated by DNA Complex Structures
The Hybridization Strategy as Recognition and Binding Mechanism
DNA Oligonucleotides
DNA Superstructures
Aptamers
DNA Hydrogels by the Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR)
Integration of DNAzymes
3.4.2.2 Proteins and Enzymes
3.4.2.3 Other Biomolecules
Amino Acids
3.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References
4: Clinical Biosensors: Considerations and Development Process
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Wearable Biosensors for Clinical Applications
4.3 Applications of Clinical Biosensors
4.3.1 Neurological Disorder Monitoring
4.3.1.1 Parkinson´s Disease (PD)
4.3.1.2 Tourette Syndrome
4.3.2 Neonatal Care
4.3.3 Blood Flow Monitoring
4.3.4 Sports Monitoring
4.3.5 Pregnancy Monitoring
4.4 Sensors and Materials
4.4.1 Flexible Pressure Sensors
4.4.2 All Elastomeric Flexible Temperature Sensors for Body-Attachable Wearable Sensors
4.4.3 Potentiometric Sensor for Monitoring Wound pH
4.4.4 In Situ Perspiration Analysis
4.4.5 Electrochemical Sensors
4.4.6 Saliva-Based
4.4.7 Tear-Based
4.4.8 Fabric/Flexible Plastic-Based Sensors
4.4.9 Epidermal-Based Sensors
4.4.10 Skin Interstitial Fluid-Based Sensors
4.5 Conclusion
References
5: Development and Implementation of Portable Biosensors in Microfluidic Point-of-Care Devices for Pathogen Detection
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Microfluidics: Basic Concept
5.1.2 History
5.1.3 Role of Microfluidics in Biological Applications
5.1.4 Point-of-Care (POC) Devices
5.1.5 Importance of Microfluidics-Based Sensors
5.2 Materials for Microfluidic Device Fabrication
5.2.1 Inorganic Material
5.2.1.1 Silicon
5.2.1.2 Glass
5.2.1.3 Ceramic
5.2.2 Polymers
5.2.2.1 Elastomers
5.2.2.2 Thermoplastics
5.2.3 Hydrogels
5.2.4 Paper
5.3 Fabrication Technique for Microfluidics Devices
5.3.1 Soft Lithography
5.3.2 Photolithography
5.3.3 Wax Screen Printing
5.3.4 Laser Ablation
5.4 Microfluidics-Based Sensing Technologies in Pathogen Detection
5.4.1 Chemiluminescent Assay
5.4.2 Electrochemical Assay
5.4.3 Calorimetric Assay
5.4.4 ELISA for Virus Detection
5.5 Conclusion
References
6: Recent Trends in Clinical Diagnosis for Viral Disease Detection Based on Miniaturized Biosensors
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Viruses as Intracellular Parasites
6.1.2 Importance of Diagnosis
6.1.3 Virus Detection Approach, Past to Current
6.1.4 Biosensor
6.1.5 Point-of-Care Biosensors
6.2 Virus Biomarkers and Associated Challenges with Virus Detection
6.2.1 Types of Virus Biomarkers
6.2.1.1 Nucleic Acid Biomarkers
6.2.1.2 Protein Biomarkers
6.2.1.3 Serological (Antibody) Biomarkers
6.3 Sensor against Viral Diseases
6.3.1 COVID-19 or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2)
6.3.2 Recent Challenges with SARS CoV-2 Diagnosis
6.3.3 Dengue
6.3.4 Encephalitis
6.3.5 Hepatitis
6.3.6 Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV)
6.3.7 Zika Virus
6.4 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
7: Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Diabetes Management Based on Miniaturized Biosensors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 State of-the-Art Miniaturized CGM Sensors
7.2.1 Electrochemical Systems
7.2.2 Optical Systems
7.2.3 Wearable Systems
7.3 Commercialized CGM Devices
7.4 Close-Loop CGM-Insulin Pump Integration
7.5 Challenges and Opportunities
7.5.1 Sensor Error Measurements
7.5.2 Stability of the Sensor
7.5.3 Interferences from Small Molecules
7.5.4 Biofouling
7.5.5 Oxygen Dependence
7.5.6 Patient-to-Patient Physiological Variation
7.6 Conclusion
References
8: Transforming Healthcare Technologies with Wearable, Implantable, and Ingestible Biosensors and Digital Health
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Digitization of Patient Data
8.1.1.1 The Electronic Health Record (her) and Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
8.1.1.2 Smart Devices, Social Networks, Wearables, and Internet Applications
8.1.2 Common Diseases in Need of Novel Biosensor Systems
8.1.2.1 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)
8.1.2.2 Cancer
8.1.2.3 Alzheimer´s Disease
8.1.2.4 Multiple Sclerosis
8.1.2.5 Viral Infections
8.2 Biosensor Systems
8.2.1 Biosensor System as a Medical Device
8.2.1.1 Point-of-Care
8.2.1.2 Implantable Devices
8.2.1.3 Wearable Devices
8.2.2 Biosensor Systems in Pharmaceutics
8.2.2.1 Ingestible Sensors for Monitoring and Diagnosis
8.2.2.2 Closed Loop Continuous Drug Monitoring (CL-CDM) and Therapeutics
A Continuous Real-Time Implantable Biosensor
A Control System Device
An Actuator
8.3 Need, Risk, and Regulation of Medical Devices and Drugs
8.4 System-Level Architectures for Biosensors
8.4.1 Data Flow Architectures
8.4.1.1 Smart Devices as Sensors and Transducers-Local Processing
8.4.1.2 Medical Device as a Smart Device Accessory
8.4.1.3 Direct Cloud Connectivity-Medical Internet of Things
8.5 Human Factors and Usability Engineering (HF/UE) Considerations
8.5.1 Device Users, Environment, and Interface
8.5.2 User Flow and Task Analysis
8.5.3 Mitigation of Use-Related Risk
8.6 Challenges and Future Trends
References
9: Multiplexed Biosensors for Efficient Diagnosis of the Clinical Conditions toward Health Management
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Multiplexed Biosensors and System Considerations
9.3 Materials for Multiplexed Biosensors
9.4 Bioelectronics for Biosensor Systems
9.5 Multiplexed Biosensor Systems and Applications
9.6 Multiplexed Biosensors for Glucose Monitoring
9.7 Multiplexed Biosensor for Drug Monitoring
9.8 Multiplexed Biosensor Systems for Infectious Diseases Monitoring
9.9 Conclusion
References
10: Biocompatible Sensors Are Revolutionizing Healthcare Technologies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare
10.2.1 Features of Wearable Biosensors and Designing Strategies
10.2.1.1 Stretchability and Conformality
10.2.1.2 Immune Bio-Compatibility and Bio-Degradability
10.2.1.3 Other Desired Features
10.2.2 Detectable Indicators of Physical Health
10.2.2.1 Long-Term Monitoring of Vital Health Parameters
10.2.2.2 Physical Physiological Parameters
10.2.2.3 Non-invasive Detection of Biochemical Substances
10.3 Ingestible Biosensors for Healthcare
10.3.1 Biologically Compatible Encapsulation Methods
10.3.2 Detectable Healthcare Indicators of Ingestible Biosensors
10.4 Invasive Biosensors for Healthcare
10.4.1 Introductions and Advancements of Invasive Biosensors
10.4.2 Detectable Indicators of Physical Health
10.4.2.1 Electrophysiological Signals
10.4.2.2 Biomarkers and Chemicals
10.4.2.3 Mechanical Pressure
10.5 Transforming Healthcare Technologies with Biocompatible Biosensors
10.5.1 A Prototype for the Next Generation Diagnostics
10.5.2 Tiny Integrated Systems for Therapeutic Interventions
10.5.3 Improvement of Medical Services and Management
10.6 Prospects and Challenges
References
11: Onsite Quality Controls for Food Safety Based on Miniaturized Biosensing
11.1 Introduction to Packaged Food and the Need for Onsite Quality Controls
11.2 Food Biosensors: Design and Development
11.2.1 Components of Biosensors
11.2.1.1 Optical Biosensing Techniques
11.2.1.2 Electrochemical Biosensing Techniques
11.2.2 Indicators of Food Quality
11.2.3 Indicators of Food Security
11.3 Biosensors for Food Quality and Safety
11.3.1 Biosensing Prototypes for Supporting QC´s of the Beverage Industry
11.3.2 Biosensing Prototypes for Supporting QC´s of the Milk Industry
11.3.3 Biosensing Prototypes for Supporting QC´s of the Meat Industry
11.4 Commercial Biosensors for Food Quality Assessment
11.5 (Bio)/Sensors for Food Packaging
11.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
12: Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensing of Metal Toxins
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Metal Nanoparticle-Based Sensor
12.3 MNP-Based Colorimetric Detection Strategies
12.4 Synthesis, Functionalization, Properties, and Sensing Strategy of GNP
12.4.1 Synthesis of GNP
12.4.1.1 Turkevich-Frens Method
12.4.1.2 Brust-Schiffrin Method
12.4.1.3 Seed-Mediated Growth
12.4.1.4 Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
12.4.2 Colloidal Stability of Gold Nanoparticles and Functionalization for Sensor Application
12.4.3 Optical Properties
12.5 GNP as a Colorimetric Sensor for Heavy Metals
12.5.1 Detection on Paper Substrate
12.6 Smartphone and Machine Learning (Color Readout)-Based Quantification of Heavy Metals
12.7 Conclusion
References
13: Miniaturized Sensing Strategies for Next-Generation Nitrogen Monitoring
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Nitrogen Detection and Its Challenges
13.1.2 Nanotechnology and Nanoscience
13.2 Nanostructures in Chemical Analyses
13.3 Nanomaterials and Chemical Kinetics
13.3.1 The Application of Nanomaterials in Transduction
13.3.1.1 Metal-Based Nanomaterials
13.3.1.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites
13.3.1.3 Biosensors
13.3.1.4 Genosensors
13.3.1.5 Polymers and Biomaterials
13.4 General Discussion
13.5 Current Challenges and Future Directions
13.5.1 Development and Production
13.5.2 Validation
References
14: Recent Trends Toward the Development of Biosensors for Biosafety and Biohazards
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biosensor for Biosafety and Biohazards-Techniques and Applications
14.2.1 Foodborne Pathogen Sensing
14.3 Biosensors for Chemical Warfare
14.3.1 Infectious Diseases Sensing
14.4 Conclusion
References
15: Commercial Aspects and Market Pull of Biosensors in Diagnostic Industries
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Factors Influencing Market Pull of Biosensors
15.2.1 Increase in the Geriatric Population
15.2.2 Increase in the Number of Diabetic and Heart Patients
15.2.3 Climate and Environmental Protection Acts
15.2.4 The Rise in the Infectious Diseases
15.2.5 Technological Innovations and Investments from Government/IT Corporations
15.3 Biosensors´ Market Pull Based on Sensing Strategy
15.3.1 Paper-Based Biosensors
15.3.2 Electrochemical Biosensors
15.3.3 Wearable Sensors
15.4 Conclusions and Future Trends
References