Content: Microgrid Design and Operation
Foreword
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Traditional Electric Networks
1.3 The First Revolution: Power Electronics
1.4 The Second Revolution: The Distributed Energy Resources
1.5 The Third Revolution: Smart Grids and Microgrids
References
2 Technology Overview: Devices and Equipment
2.1 Overview
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Distributed Generation and Microgrids
2.4 Technologies for Electrical Energy Production
2.4.1 Photovoltaic Systems
2.4.2 Small Hydro Power Plants
2.4.3 Small Wind Power Plants. 2.5 Technologies for Thermal Energy Production2.5.1 Solar Thermal Systems
2.5.2 Boilers
2.5.3 Heat Pumps
2.6 Technologies for Cooling Energy Production
2.6.1 Compression Chillers
2.6.2 Absorption Chillers
2.7 Cogeneration and Trigeneration Technologies
2.7.1 Small Gas Turbines
2.7.2 Small Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (SRICEs)
2.7.3 Concentrating Solar Power Systems
2.7.4 Fuel Cells
2.8 Electrical Storage Systems
2.9 Power Electronic Converters
2.10 Conclusions
References
3 Microgrid Installations: State of the Art
3.1 Microgrids in America. 3.2 Microgrids in Europe3.3 Microgrids in Asia, Australia, and Africa
References
4 Communication and Monitoring Systems for Microgrids
4.1 Overview
4.2 Protocols for Microgrid Applications
4.2.1 Modbus
4.2.2 DNP3 and IEC 60870-5
4.2.3 IEC 61850
4.2.4 BACnet
4.2.5 LonWorks
4.2.6 KNX
4.2.7 Wireless Technologies: ZigBee and LoraWan
4.2.8 OPC
4.2.9 Interfaces Via Web Services: SOAP and REST
4.3 Supervision and Monitoring Systems: SCADA and BMS
4.4 Interoperability
References
5 Modeling and Simulation for Microgrids
5.1 Overview
5.2 Introduction. 5.3 Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Multicomponent Energy Systems5.3.1 A Multicomponent Energy System
5.3.2 Equations Governing the Dynamic Behavior of the System
5.3.3 The Electrical Analogy
5.3.4 Dynamic Simulation of a Cogeneration Microturbine as a Multicomponent System
5.4 Electrical Devices Modeling for Islanded Microgrid Simulations
5.5 Conclusions
References
6 Optimization for Microgrid Planning
6.1 Overview
6.2 Introduction
6.3 State of the Art of the Optimal Planning Approaches
6.4 Optimal Design of Microgrids: The Decision Problem. 6.5 Decision Variables and Parameters6.5.1 Parameters Related to Power Flows
6.5.2 Parameters Related to Costs
6.5.3 Decision Variables
6.6 The System Model Description and Related Constraints
6.6.1 The PV Power Plant
6.6.2 The Solar Thermal Power Plant
6.6.3 The Wind Turbine Power Plant
6.6.4 The Combined Heat and Power Microturbines Plants
6.6.5 The Thermal Boilers
6.6.6 The Biomass Plants
6.6.7 The Heat Pumps
6.6.8 The Chillers
6.6.9 The Fossil Fuel Plants
6.6.10 The Electrical and Thermal Power Balance
6.7 The Optimization Problem
6.7.1 Operational Management Costs.