Microelectronic circuit design

✍ Scribed by Richard C Jaeger; Travis N Blalock

• Publisher: MGH
• Year: 2011
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1365
• Edition: 4th ed
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Part I - Solid State Electronics and Devices Chapter 1Introduction to Electronics Chapter 2Solid-State Electronics Chapter 3Solid-State Diodes and Diode Circuits Chapter 4Field-Effect Transistors Chapter 5Bipolar Junction Transistors Part II - Digital Electronics Chapter 6Introduction to Digital Electronics Chapter 7Complementary MOS (CMOS) Logic Design Chapter 8MOS Memory and Storage Circuits Chapter 9Bipolar Logic Circuits Part III - Analog Electronics Chapter 10Analog Systems and Ideal Operational Amplifiers Chapter 11Nonideal Operational Amplifiers and Feedback Amplifier Stability Chapter 12Operational Amplifier Applications Chapter 13Small-Signal Modeling and Linear Amplification Chapter 14Single Transistor Amplifiers Chapter 15 Differential Amplifiers and Operational Amplifier Design Chapter 16Analog Integrated Circuit Design Techniques Chapter 17Amplifier Frequency Response Chapter 18 Transistor Feedback Amplifiers and Oscillators Appendices A: Standard Component Values B: Device Models and SPICE C: Two-Port Review

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 21
PART ONE: SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC AND DEVICES......Page 28
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS......Page 30
1.1 A Brief History of Electronics: From Vacuum Tubes to Giga-Scale Integration......Page 32
1.2 Classification of Electronic Signals......Page 35
1.3 Notational Conventions......Page 39
1.4 Problem-Solving Approach......Page 40
1.5 Important Concepts from Circuit Theory......Page 42
1.6 Frequency Spectrum of Electronic Signals......Page 48
1.7 Amplifiers......Page 49
1.8 Element Variations in Circuit Design......Page 53
Summary......Page 61
Key Terms......Page 62
Additional Reading......Page 63
Problems......Page 64
CHAPTER 2 SOLID-STATE ELECTRONICS......Page 69
2.1 Solid-State Electronic Materials......Page 71
2.2 Covalent Bond Model......Page 72
2.3 Drift Currents and Mobility in Semiconductors......Page 75
2.4 Resistivity of Intrinsic Silicon......Page 77
2.5 Impurities in Semiconductors......Page 78
2.6 Electron and Hole Concentrations in Doped Semiconductors......Page 79
2.7 Mobility and Resistivity in Doped Semiconductors......Page 82
2.8 Diffusion Currents......Page 86
2.9 Total Current......Page 87
2.10 Energy Band Model......Page 88
2.11 Overview of Integrated Circuit Fabrication......Page 91
Summary......Page 94
Key Terms......Page 95
Important Equations......Page 96
Problems......Page 97
CHAPTER 3 SOLID-STATE DIODES AND DIODE CIRCUITS......Page 101
3.1 The pn Junction Diode......Page 102
3.2 The i-v Characteristics of the Diode......Page 107
3.3 The Diode Equation: A Mathematical Model for the Diode......Page 109
3.4 Diode Characteristics Under Reverse, Zero, and Forward Bias......Page 112
3.6 Diodes Under Reverse Bias......Page 116
3.7 pn Junction Capacitance......Page 119
3.8 Schottky Barrier Diode......Page 120
3.9 Diode SPICE Model and Layout......Page 121
3.10 Diode Circuit Analysis......Page 123
3.11 Multiple-Diode Circuits......Page 133
3.12 Analysis of Diodes Operating in the Breakdown Region......Page 136
3.13 Half-Wave Rectifier Circuits......Page 140
3.14 Full-Wave Rectifier Circuits......Page 150
3.16 Rectifier Comparison and Design Tradeoffs......Page 152
3.17 Dynamic Switching Behavior of the Diode......Page 156
3.18 Photo Diodes, Solar Cells, and Light-Emitting Diodes......Page 157
Summary......Page 160
Key Terms......Page 161
Problems......Page 162
CHAPTER 4 FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS......Page 172
4.1 Characteristics of the MOS Capacitor......Page 173
4.2 The NMOS Transistor......Page 175
4.3 PMOS Transistors......Page 188
4.4 MOSFET Circuit Symbols......Page 190
4.5 Capacitances in MOS Transistors......Page 192
4.6 MOSFET Modeling in SPICE......Page 194
4.7 MOS Transistor Scaling......Page 196
4.8 MOS Transistor Fabrication and Layout Design Rules......Page 199
4.9 Biasing the NMOS Field-Effect Transistor......Page 203
4.10 Biasing the PMOS Field-Effect Transistor......Page 215
4.11 The Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET)......Page 217
4.12 JFET Modeling in SPICE......Page 224
4.13 Biasing the JFET and Depletion-Mode MOSFET......Page 225
Summary......Page 227
Key Terms......Page 229
References......Page 230
Problems......Page 231
CHAPTER 5 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS......Page 244
5.1 Physical Structure of the Bipolar Transistor......Page 245
5.2 The Transport Model for the npn Transistor......Page 246
5.3 The pnp Transistor......Page 252
5.4 Equivalent Circuit Representations for the Transport Models......Page 254
5.5 The i-v Characteristics of the Bipolar Transistor......Page 255
5.6 The Operating Regions of the Bipolar Transistor......Page 257
5.7 Transport Model Simplifications......Page 258
5.8 Nonideal Behavior of the Bipolar Transistor......Page 272
5.9 Transconductance......Page 279
5.10 Bipolar Technology and SPICE Model......Page 280
5.11 Practical Bias Circuits for the BJT......Page 283
5.12 Tolerances in Bias Circuits......Page 293
Summary......Page 299
References......Page 301
Problems......Page 302
PART TWO: DIGITAL ELECTRONICS......Page 312
CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL ELECTRONICS......Page 314
6.2 Logic Level Definitions and Noise Margins......Page 316
6.3 Dynamic Response of Logic Gates......Page 320
6.4 Review of Boolean Algebra......Page 322
6.5 NMOS Logic Design......Page 324
6.6 Transistor Alternatives to the Load Resistor......Page 333
6.7 NMOS Inverter Summary and Comparison......Page 350
6.8 NMOS NAND and NOR Gates......Page 351
6.9 Complex NMOS Logic Design......Page 355
6.10 Power Dissipation......Page 360
6.11 Dynamic Behavior of MOS Logic Gates......Page 364
6.12 PMOS Logic......Page 376
Summary......Page 379
Key Terms......Page 381
Problems......Page 382
CHAPTER 7 COMPLEMENTARY MOS (CMOS) LOGIC DESIGN......Page 394
7.1 CMOS Inverter Technology......Page 395
7.2 Static Characteristics of the CMOS Inverter......Page 397
7.3 Dynamic Behavior of the CMOS Inverter......Page 402
7.4 Power Dissipation and Power Delay Product in CMOS......Page 407
7.5 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates......Page 411
7.6 Design of Complex Gates in CMOS......Page 415
7.7 Minimum Size Gate Design and Performance......Page 420
7.8 Dynamic Domino CMOS Logic......Page 422
7.9 Cascade Buffers......Page 424
7.10 The CMOS Transmission Gate......Page 427
7.11 CMOS Latchup......Page 428
Summary......Page 431
Key Terms......Page 432
Problems......Page 433
CHAPTER 8 MOS MEMORY AND STORAGE CIRCUITS......Page 443
8.1 Random Access Memory......Page 444
8.2 Static Memory Cells......Page 446
8.3 Dynamic Memory Cells......Page 455
8.4 Sense Amplifiers......Page 461
8.5 Address Decoders......Page 467
8.6 Read-Only Memory (ROM)......Page 471
8.7 Flip-Flops......Page 474
Summary......Page 478
References......Page 479
Problems......Page 480
CHAPTER 9 BIPOLAR LOGIC CIRCUITS......Page 487
9.1 The Current Switch (Emitter-Coupled Pair)......Page 488
9.2 The Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) Gate......Page 491
9.3 Noise Margin Analysis for the ECL Gate......Page 494
9.4 Current Source Implementation......Page 496
9.5 The ECL OR-NOR Gate......Page 498
9.6 The Emitter Follower......Page 500
9.7 "Emitter Dotting" or "Wired-OR" Logic......Page 503
9.8 ECL Power-Delay Characteristics......Page 504
9.9 Current Mode Logic......Page 508
9.10 The Saturating Bipolar Inverter......Page 514
9.11 A Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) Prototype......Page 521
9.12 The Standard 7400 Series TTL Inverter......Page 527
9.13 Logic Functions in TTL......Page 531
9.14 Schottky-Clamped TTL......Page 533
9.16 BiCMOS Logic......Page 535
Summary......Page 540
Additional Reading......Page 542
Problems......Page 543
PART THREE: ANALOG ELECTRONICS......Page 554
CHAPTER 10 ANALOG SYSTEMS AND IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS......Page 556
10.1 An Example of an Analog Electronic System......Page 557
10.2 Amplification......Page 558
10.3 Two-Port Models for Amplifiers......Page 564
10.4 Mismatched Source and Load Resistances......Page 568
10.5 Introduction to Operational Amplifiers......Page 571
10.6 Distortion in Amplifiers......Page 575
10.7 Differential Amplifier Model......Page 576
10.8 Ideal Differential and Operational Amplifiers......Page 578
10.9 Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers......Page 579
10.10 Frequency-Dependent Feedback......Page 595
Summary......Page 613
References......Page 615
Problems......Page 616
CHAPTER 11 NONIDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS AND FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER STABILITY......Page 627
11.1 Classic Feedback Systems......Page 628
11.2 Analysis of Circuits Containing Nonideal Operational Amplifiers......Page 630
11.3 Series and Shunt Feedback Circuits......Page 642
11.4 Unified Approach to Feedback Amplifier Gain Calculation......Page 643
11.5 Series-Shunt Feedback–Voltage Amplifiers......Page 644
11.6 Shunt-Shunt Feedback—Transresistance Amplifiers......Page 651
11.7 Series-Series Feedback—Transconductance Amplifiers......Page 656
11.8 Shunt-Series Feedback—Current Amplifiers......Page 660
11.9 Finding the Loop Gain Using Successive Voltage and Current Injection......Page 665
11.10 Distortion Reduction Through the Use of Feedback......Page 668
11.11 DC Error Sources and Output Range Limitations......Page 669
11.12 Common-Mode Rejection and Input Resistance......Page 677
11.13 Frequency Response and Bandwidth of Operational Amplifiers......Page 686
11.14 Stability of Feedback Amplifiers......Page 698
Summary......Page 709
References......Page 711
Problems......Page 712
CHAPTER 12 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS......Page 724
12.1 Cascaded Amplifiers......Page 725
12.2 The Instrumentation Amplifier......Page 738
12.3 Active Filters......Page 741
12.4 Switched-Capacitor Circuits......Page 755
12.5 Digital-to-Analog Conversion......Page 760
12.6 Analog-to-Digital Conversion......Page 767
12.7 Oscillators......Page 781
12.8 Nonlinear Circuit Applications......Page 787
12.9 Circuits Using Positive Feedback......Page 790
Summary......Page 797
Key Terms......Page 799
Problems......Page 800
CHAPTER 13 SMALL-SIGNAL MODELING AND LINEAR AMPLIFICATION......Page 813
13.1 The Transistor as an Amplifier......Page 814
13.2 Coupling and Bypass Capacitors......Page 817
13.3 Circuit Analysis Using dc and ac Equivalent Circuits......Page 819
13.4 Introduction to Small-Signal Modeling......Page 823
13.5 Small-Signal Models for Bipolar Junction Transistors......Page 826
13.6 The Common-Emitter (C-E) Amplifier......Page 835
13.7 Important Limits and Model Simplifications......Page 837
13.8 Small-Signal Models for Field-Effect Transistors......Page 842
13.9 Summary and Comparison of the Small-Signal Models of the BJT and FET......Page 848
13.10 The Common-Source Amplifier......Page 851
13.11 Common-Emitter and Common-Source Amplifier Summary......Page 865
13.12 Amplifier Power and Signal Range......Page 866
Summary......Page 870
Key Terms......Page 871
Problems......Page 872
CHAPTER 14 SINGLE-TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIERS......Page 884
14.1 Amplifier Classification......Page 885
14.2 Inverting Amplifiers—Common-Emitter and Common-Source Circuits......Page 891
14.3 Follower Circuits—Common-Collector and Common-Drain Amplifiers......Page 913
14.4 Noninverting Amplifiers—Common-Base and Common-Gate Circuits......Page 921
14.5 Amplifier Prototype Review and Comparison......Page 930
14.6 Common-Source Amplifiers Using MOS Inverters......Page 934
14.7 Coupling and Bypass Capacitor Design......Page 941
14.8 Amplifier Design Examples......Page 952
14.9 Multistage ac-Coupled Amplifiers......Page 966
Summary......Page 977
Key Terms......Page 978
Problems......Page 979
CHAPTER 15 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS AND OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER DESIGN......Page 995
15.1 Differential Amplifiers......Page 996
15.2 Evolution to Basic Operational Amplifiers......Page 1018
15.3 Output Stages......Page 1033
15.4 Electronic Current Sources......Page 1043
Summary......Page 1054
Key Terms......Page 1055
Problems......Page 1056
CHAPTER 16 ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN TECHNIQUES......Page 1073
16.1 Circuit Element Matching......Page 1074
16.2 Current Mirrors......Page 1076
16.3 High-Output-Resistance Current Mirrors......Page 1090
16.4 Reference Current Generation......Page 1099
16.5 Supply-Independent Biasing......Page 1100
16.6 The Bandgap Reference......Page 1104
16.7 The Current Mirror As an Active Load......Page 1108
16.8 Active Loads in Operational Amplifiers......Page 1119
16.9 The μA741 Operational Amplifier......Page 1124
16.10 The Gilbert Analog Multiplier......Page 1137
Summary......Page 1139
Key Terms......Page 1140
Problems......Page 1141
CHAPTER 17 AMPLIFIER FREQUENCY RESPONSE......Page 1155
17.1 Amplifier Frequency Response......Page 1156
17.2 Direct Determination of the Low-Frequency Poles and Zeros—The Common-Source Amplifier......Page 1161
17.3 Estimation of ω[sub(L)] Using the Short-Circuit Time-Constant Method......Page 1166
17.4 Transistor Models at High Frequencies......Page 1175
17.5 Base Resistance in the Hybrid-Pi Model......Page 1182
17.6 High-Frequency Common-Emitter and Common-Source Amplifier Analysis......Page 1185
17.7 Common-Base and Common-Gate Amplifier High-Frequency Response......Page 1201
17.8 Common-Collector and Common-Drain Amplifier High-Frequency Response......Page 1204
17.9 Single-Stage Amplifier High-Frequency Response Summary......Page 1206
17.10 Frequency Response of Multistage Amplifiers......Page 1208
17.11 Introduction to Radio Frequency Circuits......Page 1220
17.12 Mixers and Balanced Modulators......Page 1232
Summary......Page 1240
Problems......Page 1242
CHAPTER 18 TRANSISTOR FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND OSCILLATORS......Page 1255
18.1 Basic Feedback System Review......Page 1256
18.2 Feedback Amplifier Analysis at Midband......Page 1259
18.3 Feedback Amplifier Circuit Examples......Page 1261
18.4 Review of Feedback Amplifier Stability......Page 1281
18.5 Single-Pole Operational Amplifier Compensation......Page 1289
18.6 High-Frequency Oscillators......Page 1304
Summary......Page 1314
Problems......Page 1316
A: Standard Discrete Component Values......Page 1327
B: Solid-State Device Models and SPICE Simulation Parameters......Page 1330
C: Two-Port Review......Page 1337
Index......Page 1340