Microbial Versatility in Varied Environments: Microbes in Sensitive Environments

✍ Scribed by Raghvendra Pratap Singh (editor), Geetanjali Manchanda (editor), Indresh Kumar Maurya (editor), Yunlin Wei (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 227
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book compiles the latest studies on microorganisms thriving in extreme conditions. Microbes have been found in extremely high and low temperatures, highly acidic to saline conditions, from deserts to the Dead sea, from hot-springs to underwater hydrothermal vents- the diversity is incredible. The various chapters highlight the microbial life and describe the mechanisms of tolerance to these harsh conditions, and show how an understanding of these phenomena can help us exploit the microbes in biotechnology. The theme of the book is highly significant since life in these environments can give vital clues about the origin and evolution of life on earth, as a lot of these conditions simulate the environment present billions of years ago. Additionally, the study of adaptation and survival of organisms in such environments can be important for finding life on other planets.

This book shall be useful for students, researchers and course instructors interested in evolution, microbial adaptations and ecology in varied environments.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Microbes in Harsh Environments
1: The Multifaceted Life of Microbes: Survival in Varied Environments
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Microbes in Varied Environments
1.2.1 Microbes in High Salt Concentration
1.2.2 Microbes in Low-Temperature Environments
1.2.3 Microbes in High-Temperature Environments
1.2.4 Microbes in the Atmosphere
1.2.5 Microbes in Varied pH Environments
1.2.6 Microbes in High-Pressure Environments
1.2.7 Microbes in Radiation Environment
1.2.8 Microbes in Metallic Environment
1.2.9 Microorganisms in Xerophilic Environment
1.3 Future Prospective
References
2: Thermophilic and Halophilic Prokaryotes Isolated from Extreme Environments of Armenia and Their Biotechnological Potential
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Thermal Springs Studied in Armenia
2.3 Thermophilic Microbes Isolated and Identified from Armenian Hot Springs and Their Biotechnological Importance
2.4 Saline and Hypersaline Environments in Armenia
2.5 Halophilic Microbes Isolated from Saline and Hypersaline Environments in Armenia and Their Biotechnological Importance
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Microbial Life at Extreme of Salt Concentration: Adaptation Strategies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Adaptation Strategies Under Extremes of Salinity
3.2.1 Accumulation of Potassium and Its Transport
3.2.2 Accumulation of Organic Solutes and Its Transport
3.2.3 Chaperone Genes
3.3 Genomics and Proteomics of Halophiles
3.4 Relevance and Future Prospects
3.5 Conclusion
References
4: Rhizobia at Extremes of Acidity, Alkalinity, Salinity, and Temperature
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Response to Acid Stress in Rhizobia
4.3 Response to Alkali Stress in Rhizobia
4.4 Response to Salt and Alkali Stress in Rhizobia
4.5 Response to Temperature Stress in Rhizobia
4.6 Conclusion
References
5: Mechanism of Microbial Adaptation and Survival Within Psychrophilic Habitat
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cold-Adapted Bacteria Strains, Plasmid, Transformation Methods, and Efficiency Promoters Used in Cold-Adapted Bacteria
5.2.1 Cold-Adapted Bacteria Strains
5.2.2 Storage of Cold-Adapted Bacteria
5.2.3 Plasmid Used in Cold-Adapted Bacteria
5.2.4 Genetic Transformation Method for Cold-Adapted Bacteria
5.2.5 Efficiency Promoters Used in Cold-Adapted Bacteria
5.3 Mechanisms for Cold Adaptation
5.3.1 Cold Shock Proteins or Antifreeze Proteins
5.3.2 Cold Shock Proteins of E. coli
5.3.3 CspA Regulation in E. coli
5.3.4 Enzymes
5.3.5 Increased Membrane Fluidity and Cell Envelope Modification
5.3.6 Secondary Metabolites
5.4 Conclusion
References
6: Secretome of Microbiota in Extreme Conditions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Secretion and Secretome of Some Extremophiles
6.3 Process of Bacterial Secretome
6.3.1 Type I Secretion System
6.3.2 Type II Secretion System
6.3.3 Type III Bacterial Secretion System
6.3.4 Type IV Bacterial Secretion System
6.3.5 Type V Bacterial Secretion System
6.3.6 Type VI Secretion Systems
6.3.7 Type VII Secretion System
6.4 Conclusion
References
7: Deciphering the Key Factors for Heavy Metal Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria
7.1 Introduction
7.2 HM Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria: Molecular and Ecological Prospective
7.2.1 Lead (Pb)
7.2.2 Cadmium (Cd)
7.2.3 Mercury (Hg)
7.2.4 Chromium (Cr)
7.2.5 Copper (Cu)
7.2.6 Arsenic (As)
7.2.7 Iron (Fe)
7.3 Biotechnological Prospective of Heavy Metal Resistance
References
8: Bioactive Compounds from Extremophiles
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bioactive Compounds from Extremophiles at a Glance
8.3 Gene Expression System of Extremophiles
8.4 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering of Extremophiles
8.4.1 Heterologous Expression
8.4.2 Gene Activation Using Additives and Cocultivation with Microbes
8.5 Metagenomics Approach to Identify New Bioactive Molecules
8.5.1 Sequence-Based Metagenomic Analyses
8.5.2 Function-Based Metagenomic Analyses
8.6 Novel Biomolecules from Phylogenetic Diverse Microbial Communities
8.7 Bioactive Compounds from Extremophiles and Their Applications
8.8 Commercial Applications of Bioactive Molecules from Extremophiles
8.9 Future Perspective
References
9: Metallotolerant Bacteria: Insights into Bacteria Thriving in Metal-Contaminated Areas
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Strategies to Study Metallotolerant Bacteria
9.3 Community Structure of Metallotolerant Bacteria in Various Metal-Rich Environments
9.4 Metallotolerance in Bacteria
9.5 Underlying Mechanisms of Metallotolerance
9.5.1 Extracellular Barrier as a Way for Averting Metal into Cell
9.5.2 Metal Uptake – Biosorption and Bioaccumulation
9.5.3 Efflux of Toxic Ions from Bacterial Cells
9.5.4 Biotransformation
9.5.5 Precipitation – Intracellular and Extracellular
9.6 Advanced Omics Strategies to Uncover the Truth
9.6.1 Genomics
9.6.2 Transcriptomics
9.6.3 Proteomics
9.6.4 Metabolomics
9.7 Evolution of Strategies
9.8 Ecophysiology and Application of Metallotolerant Bacteria
9.8.1 Bioremediation
9.8.2 Bioleaching
9.8.3 Biomining
9.8.4 Metabolic Engineering
9.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Part II: Host-Plant Interaction and Pathogenesis
10: Endophytic Actinomycetes-Mediated Modulation of Defense and Systemic Resistance Confers Host Plant Fitness Under Biotic Stress Conditions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Plant Protection by Endophytic Actinomycetes
10.3 Biological Control Agents
10.4 Active Principal Components of Actinomycetes Involved in Systemic Resistance for Plants
10.5 Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)
10.6 ISR Mechanisms Mediated Through PGPA
10.7 Conclusion
References
11: Microbial Life in Stress of Oxygen Concentration: Physiochemical Properties and Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Anaerobic Thermophiles
11.3 Anaerobic Psychrophiles
11.4 Anaerobic Ionizing Radiation-Resistant Microorganisms
11.5 Anaerobic Thermoacidophiles
11.6 Anaerobic Alkalithermophiles
11.7 Physiology of Anaerobic Archaea and Bacteria
11.7.1 Methanogen
11.7.1.1 Adaptation as Anaerobes and Biochemistry of Methane Production
11.7.1.2 Methane-Oxidizing and Methane-Producing Bacteria
11.7.1.3 Oxidation and Production of Methane
11.8 Representative Life in Stress of Oxygen Concentration
11.8.1 Clostridium
11.8.2 Propionibacterium
11.8.3 Porphyromonas
11.8.4 Anaerobic Fungi
11.9 Techniques and Culture Media for Isolation of Microbes in Oxygen Stresses
11.10 Application of Anaerobic Extremophiles
11.10.1 Biotechnology
11.10.2 General Steps of Obtaining Product from Extremophiles at Large Scale
11.10.3 Anaerobic Extremophiles and Its Commercial Exploitation
11.11 Conclusions and Future Prospective
References
12: Bacterial Metabolic Fitness During Pathogenesis
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Metabolic Adaptation Mechanisms in Intracellular Pathogenic Bacterium
12.2.1 Life in the Vacuole
12.2.2 Escaping from Vacuole
12.2.3 Life in the Cytosol
12.2.4 Evasion from Autophagy
12.2.5 Cytoskeleton-Based Cell Motility
12.2.6 Modulation of Host Cell Autophagy
12.2.7 Reprogramming of Host Cell Cycle
12.3 Metabolic Adaptation Mechanisms in Extracellular Pathogenic Bacterium
12.3.1 Survival Measures for the Extracellular Pathogens: Defensive Strategies
12.3.2 Survival Measures for the Extracellular Pathogens: Offensive Strategies
12.4 Impact of Metabolic Dynamics in Virulence and Pathogenesis of Bacteria
12.4.1 Metabolic Dynamics
12.4.2 Fight for Survival Among Invading Pathogen and Gut Microbiota
12.4.3 Challenging Environment Within the Host
12.4.4 Metabolic Interaction Between Pathogen and Host: Dynamism
12.4.5 Colonizing New Territories: Contribution of Metabolic Genes
12.4.6 Metabolic Adaptation Within the Host Microenvironment: A Characteristic to Pathogenicity
12.4.7 Genome Reduction and Gene Loss: Common Adaptation Mechanisms
12.5 Metabolic Adaptation and Bacterial Population Behavior
12.5.1 Synchronize Multicellular Behavior of Bacteria
12.5.2 Adjustive Preferred Position from Multicellular Participation
12.5.3 Infection Dynamics and Impact on Host
12.6 Drug Resistance Menace, Reason, and Current Approaches
12.7 Conclusion
References
Correction to: Endophytic Actinomycetes-Mediated Modulation of Defense and Systemic Resistance Confers Host Plant Fitness Under Biotic Stress Conditions
Correction to: Chapter 10 in: R. P. Singh et al. (eds.), Microbial Versatility in Varied Environments, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3028-9_10