Microbes in Microbial Communities: Ecological and Applied Perspectives

✍ Scribed by Raghvendra Pratap Singh (editor), Geetanjali Manchanda (editor), Kaushik Bhattacharjee (editor), Hovik Panosyan (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 375
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book overviews the complex interactions amongst the microbes and their possible applications. Emphasis has been made to include a wide spectrum of experimental and theoretical contributions from eminent researchers in the field. Microbial communities are the assemblages of microorganisms of various species which live together in the same environment and continuously interact with each other. The microbial cells in communities display unique phenotypes that affect the survival and reproduction of other cells present around them. These phenotypes constitute the social adaptations that drive the interactions between microbial cells. The interactions, further determine the productivity, stability and the ability of community to resist the environmental perturbations. These microbial communities live with extremely competitive niche and fight for their survival and genetic persistence. But they frequently appear in niche with multifaceted and interactive webs rather than the planktonic nature. This can be within the same species or with different species, or even with diverse genera and families. It either a competitive winner community whereas the “weaker” strain goes extinct or a competitor that coexist with their metabolic secretory potentials or a separator that assigned their own community territorial niches. Sometimes, it can be neutral or tritagonist. These microbial associations within the microbiome provides the foundation for diverse forms of microbial ecology and determined the applied perspectives for agriculture, clinical and industrial sectors. This book will be useful to postgraduate students, researchers from academic as well as industry working in the field of microbial exploration with keen interest in survival factors and mechanism of their survival by various ecological and functional strategies.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Synergistic Interactions Among Microbial Communities
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Microbial Interactions
1.2.1 Positive Interactions
1.2.1.1 Mutualism
1.2.1.2 Syntrophism
1.2.1.3 Protocooperation
1.2.1.4 Commensalism
1.2.2 Negative Interactions
1.2.2.1 Antagonism
Examples of Antagonism
1.2.2.2 Parasitism
Examples of Parasitism
1.2.2.3 Predation
Examples of Predation
1.2.2.4 Competition
1.2.3 Microbial Synergism
1.3 Chemical Basis of Synergism
1.3.1 Cocultures
1.3.2 Biofilms
1.3.3 Quorum Sensing
1.4 Potential Applications of Synergistic Interactions Among Microbial Communities
1.4.1 Role of Microbial Synergism in Health and Disease
1.4.1.1 The Human Microbiota in Health
1.4.1.2 The Human Microbiota in Disease
1.4.1.3 Antimicrobials Production for Treatment of Diseases
1.4.1.4 Lethal Synergism
1.4.2 Role of Microbial Synergism in Environment
1.4.3 Role of Microbial Synergism in Agriculture
1.4.4 Role of Microbial Synergism in Food Applications
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Actinobacterial Secondary Metabolites from Maghrebian Ecosystems: An Overview of Half-Century of Investigation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Importance of Actinobacteria and Their Secondary Metabolites
2.3 Diversity of Maghreb Ecosystems
2.4 General Process for Secondary Metabolites Production, Purification, and Chemical Structure Elucidation
2.5 Actinobacteria-Derived Secondary Metabolites
2.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Study of Potential Interrelationship Criteria of Microorganisms for Sustainable Diversity
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Species Diversity and Community Structure of Soil Microbiota
3.3 Microbial Succession and Biogeochemical Cycles
3.4 Ecosystem Function and Microbial Diversity
3.5 Bioremediation and Biotransformation
3.6 Microbes in Human Welfare
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Antimicrobial Peptide and Toxin-Based Mutualism: Obligate Symbiotic Entomopathogenic Nematode-Bacterium Associations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mutualism Between EPN and EPB
4.2.1 The Complex Life Cycle
4.2.2 Biochemical Factors Involved in the Life Cycle: Toxin-Based Mutualism
4.3 Insect Immune Response and the Antimicrobial Peptides
4.4 Insecticidal Activity and Pest Management
4.5 Novel Natural Products, Their Applications and Impact on Future Research
4.5.1 Bioactive Compounds from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp.
4.5.2 Usage of the Natural Products and Application-Based Studies
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Microbial Abundance and Strategies of Adaptation in Various Extreme Environments
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Acidity and Alkalinity
5.1.2 Temperature
5.1.3 Pressure
5.1.4 Radiation
5.2 How the Microbes Survive in Extreme Condition
5.3 Extremophile as a Model Organism
5.4 Biochemical and Molecular Strategies for Extremophiles
5.5 Significance of Extremophiles to Their Environment
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Bacterial Community Composition Dynamics in Rice Rhizosphere: A Metagenomic Approaches
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Approaches for Communities Structure Dynamics
6.3 Metagenomics Software as Bioinformatic Tools
6.4 Proteomics Analysis of Bacterial Community
6.5 Bacterial Community Structure at Different Level
6.5.1 Bacterial Community Composition Associated with Root Endophytes
6.5.2 Flooded and Non-flooded Located Bacterial Community
6.5.3 Community Structure in Rhizosphere and Phyllosphere
6.5.4 Bacterial Composition in Areas with High Magnaporthe oryzae Prevalence and High Salt Incidence
6.6 Future Perspective
References
Chapter 7: Diversity and Application of Heavy-Metal Resistant Microbes
7.1 Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals
7.2 Biodiversity of Metal-Resistant Bacteria and Archaea
7.3 Application of Heavy Metal Resistant and Metalophilic Microbes
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Microbial Syntrophy-Mediated Fortification for Eco-enterprising
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Influencing Factors of Anaerobic Digestion
8.2.1 Temperature
8.2.2 pH Value
8.2.3 Process
8.2.4 Moisture Content
8.2.5 Food to Microorganism (F/M) Ratio
8.2.6 Additives
8.3 Syntrophic Butyrate Metabolism
8.4 Propionate Metabolism
8.5 Immobilization of Enzymes
8.6 Enzymes Derived from Excess Activated Sludge and Organic Waste
8.7 The Role of Hydrolase in the Anaerobic Digestion Process
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Lichen Microbiome: Diversity Biological Role and Biotechnological Application
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Microbial Diversity in Lichens
9.3 Microbiome Functions
9.4 Biotechnological Potential/Relevance
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Antagonists and Antibiosis: Game Changer of Agriculture and Health Sector
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microbes in Agriculture Sector
10.3 Antagonistic Activity of Bacteria
10.3.1 Genus Bacillus
10.3.1.1 Role of Genus Bacillus
10.3.2 Genus Pseudomonas
10.3.2.1 Role of Genus Pseudomonas
10.3.3 Genus Enterobacter
10.3.3.1 Role of Genus Enterobacter
10.4 Antagonistic Mechanisms of Bacteria
10.5 Fungal Antagonism
10.6 Mycorrhiza: Plant-Protecting Agent
10.7 Actinomycetes Antagonism
10.8 Similarities between Actinomycetes and Bacterial and Fungal Groups
10.8.1 Role of Actinomycetes
10.9 Microbes in Health Sector
10.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Role of Quorum Sensing in the Survival of Rhizospheric Microbes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Rhizosphere: Niche for Microbes
11.3 Quorum Sensing in Rhizosphere Microbes
11.4 Quorum Sensing and Interactions in Rhizosphere Microbes
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Understanding the Link Between the Urinary Microbiome and Urinary Lithiasis Disease
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Detection of Microbial Communities in Urobiome
12.2.1 Sample Collection Methods
12.2.1.1 Suprapubic Aspiration
12.2.1.2 Urethral Catheterization
12.2.1.3 Clean-Catch Void (CCV)
12.2.2 Technique Used for the Detection of Microbial Communities
12.2.2.1 Expanded Quantitative Urine Culture (EQUC)
12.2.2.2 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
12.3 Understanding Urobiome Profile in Health
12.4 Role of Urobiome in Health and Disease
12.4.1 Finding Link Between Urobiome with Urological Disorders
12.4.2 Finding Link Between Urobiome with Urolithiasis
12.5 Probiotics for Maintaining Health of Urobiome
12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 13: Understanding of Gut Microbial Ecology for New Therapeutics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Gastrointestinal Microbiota and its Regional Diversity
13.3 Human Gut Microbiota Functions
13.3.1 Metabolism
13.3.2 Trophic
13.3.3 Protective
13.4 Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis
13.4.1 Taxonomic
13.4.2 Functional
13.5 Restoration of Dysbiotic Gut
13.5.1 Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT)
13.5.2 Probiotics
13.5.3 Prebiotics
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Ecology and Abundance of Benzoate-Degrading Bacteria in Industrial Waste
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Ecological Aspects of Benzoate and its Degraders
14.3 Ecological Characteristics and the Risk of Loss of Microbial Community
14.4 Functionality of Microbial Community Involved in Benzoate Degradation Sites
14.4.1 Mechanism of Oxygenic and an-Oxygenic Benzoate Degradation
14.4.2 Anoxygenic Pathways: Reduction Pathways Implied by Anaerobes
14.4.3 Oxygenic Pathways: Ortho and Meta-Cleavage Pathway
14.5 Application of Benzoate Degrading Bacteria in Various Industrial Sectors
14.6 Conclusion and Summary
References
Chapter 15: Metallotolerant Microorganisms and Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation for a Sustainable Clean Environment
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Effects of Heavy Metals
15.3 Bioremediation
15.3.1 Microbial Strategies to Strive in Metal-Contaminated Environment and Underlying Mechanism
15.3.2 Diversity of Metallotolerant Microorganisms
15.4 Role of Plants in Bioremediation
15.4.1 Limitations of Phytoremediation
15.5 Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation
15.5.1 Mechanisms Behind the Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation
15.6 Omics Approaches to Expedite the Remediation Process
15.7 Use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) in Bioremediation
15.8 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 16: Actinobacterial Abundance and Interrelationships in Ecosystems of Northwest Africa
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Actinobacteria
16.2 Northwest African Environments
16.3 Culture Media and Cultivation Conditions
16.4 Biodiversity of New Actinobacteria Taxa
16.5 Conclusion
References