Microbial Biosurfactants: Preparation, Properties and Applications (Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology)

✍ Scribed by Inamuddin (editor), Mohd Imran Ahamed (editor), Ram Prasad (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 318
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Microbial biosurfactant compounds are a group of structurally diverse molecules produced by microorganisms, and are mainly categorized according to their chemical structure. The diversity of microbial biosurfactants makes them versatile and means that they offer a range of capabilities, while at the same time being economically sustainable. As such, they have potential applications in environmental processes, as well as in food, biomedicine and other industries. This book discusses innovative approaches and cutting-edge research that utilize the various properties of biosurfactants. Drawing on research from around the globe, it provides an up-to-date review of biosurfactant applications and their importance in fields such as medicine, gene therapy, immunotherapy, antimicrobial bioremediation and agriculture. It also discusses their anti-adhesive properties. The book will appeal to academics and researchers in the field of microbiology, as well as policymakers. It also serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, ecology, soil science, and environmental sciences.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
1: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Food Industry
1.1 Surfactants in the Food Industry
1.1.1 Food Additives
1.1.2 Biosurfactants as Food Preservatives
1.1.2.1 Emulsifying Agents
1.1.2.2 Antibiofilm Agents
1.1.2.3 Antimicrobial Agents
1.1.2.4 Antioxidant Agents
1.1.3 Industrial Prospects
References
2: Microbial Biosurfactants for Contamination of Food Processing
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Food Contamination
2.1.2 Contamination in Food Processing
2.2 Microbial Biosurfactants Use in Food Processing
2.2.1 Glycolipids
2.2.2 Lipopeptides
2.3 Application of Microbial Surfactants in Food Processing
2.3.1 Biofilm Control
2.3.2 Food Preservatives
2.4 Concluding Remarks
References
3: Antioxidant Biosurfactants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sources of Biosurfactants
3.2.1 Plant-Based Biosurfactants
3.2.1.1 Saponins
Structure, Properties, and Types of Saponins
Saponins as a Biosurfactants
3.2.2 Microbe-Based Biosurfactants
3.2.2.1 Types of Microbial Surfactants
Glycolipids
Rhamnolipids
Sophorolipids
Trehalolipids
Succinoyl Trehalolipids
Cellobiose Lipids
Mannosylerythritol Lipids
Xylolipids
Mannose Lipids
Lipopeptides or Lipoprotein
Bacillus-Related Lipopeptides
Surfactin
Fengycin
Iturin
Kurstakins
Lichenysins
Pseudomonas-Related Lipopeptides
Actinomycetes-Related lipopeptides
Fungal-Related Lipopeptides
Phospholipids, Fatty Acids (Mycolic Acids), and Neutral Lipids
Polymeric Surfactants
Particulate Surfactants
3.3 Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Production
3.3.1 pH and Temperature
3.3.2 Aeration and Agitation
3.3.3 Effect of Salt Salinity
3.3.4 Optimization of Cultivation Medium
3.3.4.1 Effect of Carbon Source
3.3.4.2 Effect of Nitrogen Source
3.3.4.3 Effect of Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio
3.4 Screening of Microorganisms for Biosurfactant Production
3.4.1 Oil Spreading Assay
3.4.2 Drop Collapse Assay
3.4.3 Blood Agar Method/Hemolysis Assay
3.4.4 Hydrocarbon Overlay Agar
3.4.5 Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon (BATH) Assay
3.4.6 CTAB Agar Plate Method/Blue Agar Assay
3.4.7 Phenol: Sulfuric Acid Method
3.4.8 Microplate Assay
3.4.9 Penetration Assay
3.4.10 Surface/Interface Activity
3.4.11 Emulsification Activity
3.5 Antioxidant Properties of Biosurfactant
3.6 Conclusion
References
4: Classification and Production of Microbial Surfactants
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Global Biosurfactant Market
4.2 Types of Biosurfactants
4.2.1 Glycolipids
4.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids
4.2.1.2 Sophorolipids
4.2.1.3 Trehalolipids
4.2.2 Lipoproteins and Lipopeptides
4.2.3 Fatty Acids
4.2.4 Phospholipids
4.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactants
4.3 Factors Influencing Biosurfactant Productivity
4.3.1 Nutritional Factors
4.3.1.1 Carbon Source
4.3.1.2 Low-Cost and Waste Substrates
4.3.1.3 Nitrogen Source
4.3.1.4 Minerals
4.3.2 Environmental Factors
4.3.3 Cultivation Strategy
4.3.3.1 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF)
4.3.3.2 Submerged Fermentations (SmF)
References
5: Microbial Biosurfactants and Their Potential Applications: An Overview
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Classes of Biosurfactants
5.2.1 Glycolipids
5.2.2 Lipopolysaccharides
5.2.3 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins
5.2.4 Phospholipids
5.2.5 Fatty Acids
5.3 Microbial Production of Biosurfactants
5.4 Genes Involved in the Production of Microbial Biosurfactants
5.5 Applications
5.5.1 In Petroleum Industry
5.5.1.1 Mechanism of MEOR
5.5.2 Biosurfactant-Mediated Bioremediation
5.5.3 In Food Industry
5.5.4 In Agriculture
5.5.5 In Cosmetics
5.5.6 Biosurfactant in Nanotechnology
5.5.7 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents
5.5.8 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants
5.5.9 Biosurfactant as Anti-Adhesive Agent
5.5.10 In Fabric Washing
5.6 Conclusions
References
6: Biodegradation of Hydrophobic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Health Related to PAHs
6.2.1 Consequences of Consistent of PAH Exposure by Human
6.2.2 Problems Associated with PAHs Via Cytochrome P450
6.3 Biodegradation of PAHs
6.3.1 Challenges of Limited Aqueous Solubility in Water
6.3.2 Biodegradation Pathway of PAHs
6.3.2.1 Naphthalene
6.3.2.2 Pyrene
6.3.2.3 Fluoranthene
6.4 Biosurfactants
6.4.1 Biosurfactants
6.4.1.1 Glycolipid
Rhamnolipids
Cellobiose Lipids
Sophorolipids
Trehalolipids
Mannosylerythritol Lipid
6.4.1.2 Lipopeptides
6.4.1.3 Phospholipids
6.4.2 Polymeric Biosurfactants
6.5 Enhanced Biodegradation of PAHs by Biosurfactant
6.5.1 Biodegradation in Micelles
6.5.2 Biosurfactant Acting as Bioemulsifier
6.6 Conclusions
References
7: Surfactin: A Biosurfactant Against Breast Cancer
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biosurfactants and Its Types
7.2.1 Glycolipids
7.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids
7.2.1.2 Sophorolipids
7.2.1.3 Trehalolipids
7.2.2 Lipopeptides
7.2.3 Fatty Acids
7.2.4 Phospholipids
7.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactant
7.3 Surfactin: Structure, Membrane Interaction, Biosynthesis, and Regulation
7.3.1 Structure
7.3.2 Membrane Interaction
7.3.3 Biosynthesis
7.3.4 Regulation
7.4 Surfactin and Breast Cancer
7.5 Conclusion
References
8: Anti-Cancer Biosurfactants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biosurfactants Classification and Structure
8.2.1 Mannosylerythritol Lipids (MELs)
8.2.2 Succinoyl Trehalose Lipids (STLs)
8.2.3 Sophorolipids
8.2.4 Rhamnolipids (RLs)
8.2.5 Myrmekiosides
8.2.6 Cyclic Lipopeptides (CLPs)
8.2.6.1 Amphisin, Tolaasin, and Syringomycin CLPs
8.2.6.2 Iturin and fengycin CLPs
8.2.6.3 Surfactin CLP
8.2.7 Rakicidns and Apratoxins
8.2.8 Serrawettins
8.2.9 Monoolein
8.2.10 Fellutamides
8.3 Biosurfactants Production
8.3.1 Factors Involved in Biosurfactants Production
8.3.1.1 Source of Carbon
8.3.1.2 Source of Nitrogen
8.3.1.3 Effect of Ions
8.3.1.4 Physical Factors
8.4 Anti-Cancer Activity of Biosurfactants
8.4.1 Breast Cancer
8.4.2 Lung Cancer
8.4.3 Leukemia
8.4.4 Melanoma
8.4.5 Colon Cancer
8.5 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery System (DDS)
8.5.1 Liposomes
8.5.2 Niosomes
8.5.3 Nanoparticles
8.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges
References
9: Biosurfactants for Oil Pollution Remediation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Oil Pollution and Its Remediation
9.2.1 Oil Pollution
9.2.2 Oil Remediation in Polluted Environments
9.3 Biosurfactants
9.3.1 Synthesis of Biosurfactants
9.3.2 Biosurfactant Role in Oil Degradation
9.4 Application of Biosurfactants Used for Oil Remediation
9.4.1 Oil-Polluted Soil Bioremediation
9.4.2 Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills and Petroleum Contamination
9.4.3 Cleaning of Oil Tanks and Pipelines
9.4.4 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Toxic Pollutants
9.5 Conclusion
References
10: Potential Applications of Anti-Adhesive Biosurfactants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biosurfactants That Display Anti-Adhesive Activity
10.3 Biofilms and the Adhesion Process: Mechanisms and Effects
10.4 Applications of Biosurfactants as Anti-Adhesive Agents
10.4.1 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Biomedical Field
10.4.2 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Food Industry Surfaces
10.5 Future Trends and Conclusions
References
11: Applications of Biosurfactant for Microbial Bioenergy/Value-Added Bio-Metabolite Recovery from Waste Activated Sludge
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Applications of Surfactants for Value-Added Bio-Metabolites Recovery from WAS
11.3 Applications of Surfactants for Energy Recovery from WAS
11.4 Applications of Surfactants for Refractory Organic Decontamination from WAS
11.4.1 PAHs Decontamination
11.4.2 Dye Decontamination
11.4.3 PCB Decontamination
11.5 Applications of Surfactants for WAS Dewatering
11.6 Applications of Surfactants for Heavy Metal Removal from WAS
11.7 State-of-the-Art Processes to Promote Organics Biotransformation from WAS
11.7.1 Co-Pretreatment
11.7.2 Interfacing AD with Bioelectrochemical Systems
11.7.3 Optimizing Process Conditions
11.8 Conclusion
References
12: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Pharmaceutical Industry
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanism of Interaction of Biosurfactants
12.3 Physiochemical Properties
12.3.1 Surface Tension
12.3.2 Biosurfactant and Self-Assembly
12.3.3 Emulsification Activity
12.4 Application of Biosurfactants in Pharmaceutical Industry
12.4.1 Biosurfactant as an Antitumor/AntiCancer Agent
12.4.2 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents
12.4.3 Wound Healing and Dermatological Applications
12.4.4 Potential Antimicrobial Application
12.4.5 Other Applications in the Pharmaceutical Field
12.5 Applications of Surfactin in Pharmaceutical Industry
12.6 Concluding Remarks
References
13: Antibacterial Biosurfactants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Glycolipids
13.2.1 Rhamnolipids
13.2.2 Sophorolipids
13.2.3 Trehalose Lipids
13.3 Lipopeptides
13.4 Phospholipids
13.5 Antibacterial Activity
13.6 Polymeric Surfactants
13.7 Fatty Acids
13.7.1 Bio-Sources of Fatty Acids
13.7.2 Role of Fatty Acids as Antimicrobials
13.7.3 Structural Effect on the Antibacterial Activity of Fatty Acids
13.7.4 Mechanism
13.7.5 Cell Lysis
13.7.6 Suppression of Enzyme Activity
13.7.7 Deprivation of Nutrient Consumption by Cell
13.7.8 Peroxidation and Autooxidation
13.7.9 Disruption of Electron Transport Chain
13.7.10 Interruption of Oxidative Phosphorylation
13.8 Conclusion
References
14: Microbial Biosurfactants as Cleaning and Washing Agents
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Chemical Nature of Biosurfactants
14.3 Microbial Production of Biosurfactants
14.3.1 Carbon Source
14.3.1.1 Carbohydrates
14.3.1.2 Vegetable Oil and Fats
14.3.2 Nitrogen Source
14.3.3 Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N)
14.3.4 Minerals
14.3.5 Amino Acids
14.3.6 Vitamins and Growth Promoters
14.4 Genetic Regulation and Biosynthesis of Surfactants
14.5 Application of Biosurfactants as Cleansing and Washing Agents
14.5.1 Dairy Industry
14.5.2 Textile Detergent
14.5.3 Petroleum Industry
14.5.4 Leather Industry
14.5.5 Food Industry
14.5.6 Household Detergent and Dish Wash
14.5.7 Cosmetic Industry
14.6 Conclusion
References