Medicinal Plants: Biodiversity, Sustainable Utilization and Conservation

✍ Scribed by Shaik Mahammad Khasim (editor), Chunlin Long (editor), Kanchit Thammasiri (editor), Henrik Lutken (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 822
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Plants have been a source of medicines and have played crucial role for human health. Despite tremendous advances in the field of synthetic drugs and antibiotics, plants continue to play a vital role in modern as well as traditional medicine across the globe. In even today, one-third of the world’s population depends on traditional medicine because of its safety features and ability to effectively cure diseases. This book presents a comprehensive guide to medicinal plants, their utility, diversity and conversation, as well as biotechnology. It is divided into four main sections, covering all aspects of research in medicinal plants: biodiversity and conservation; ethnobotany and ethnomedicine; bioactive compounds from plants and microbes; and biotechnology. All sections cover the latest advances. The book offers a valuable asset for researchers and graduate students of biotechnology, botany, microbiology and the pharmaceutical sciences. It is an equally important resource for doctors (especially those engaged in Ayurveda and allopathy); the pharmaceutical industry (for drug design and synthesis); and the agricultural sciences.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
Part I: Biodiversity and Conservation
1: Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants in the Eastern Ghats of Northern Andhra Pradesh, India
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biodiversity of Medicinal Plants in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh
1.3 Conclusions
References
2: Biodiversity, Conservation and Medicinal Uses of Seaweeds: The Glimpses
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biodiversity
2.3 Conservation
2.4 Medicinal Uses
2.5 Recommendations
References
3: Tree Flora of Andhra Pradesh, India
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Location and Characteristics of the Study Area
3.3 Geographical Division
3.3.1 The Coastal Plains
3.3.2 Eastern Ghats
3.3.3 The Western Peneplains
3.3.3.1 Vegetation
3.4 Tree Flora Analysis
3.5 Phytogeographical Distributional Pattern of Tree Taxa
3.6 Endemic Tree Taxa to Andhra Pradesh
3.7 Endemic Trees of Peninsular India Occurring in Andhra Pradesh (Source, Nayar et al. 1984)
3.8 Overexploited Tree Taxa
3.9 Causes for Depletion of Tree Species and Its Conservation
References
4: Genetic Diversity and Variability Analysis in Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus L.)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Genetic Diversity Analysis in Acorus calamus L.
4.2.1 Clustering Pattern
4.2.2 Intra- and Inter-Cluster Distances
4.2.3 Cluster Mean for Different Characters
4.2.4 Contribution of Characters to Genetic Divergence
4.2.5 Genetic Variability
4.3 Conclusion
References
5: Flora of Mangrove Species Utilized for Ethnomedicinal Practices in Gautami Godavari Estuary, Andhra Pradesh, India
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Mangrove Flora and Ethnomedicinal Purposes
References
6: Tree Diversity Assessment in Sacred Groves of Eastern Ghats, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Tree Diversity in Sacred Groves of Visakhapatnam District, Eastern Ghats of India
6.2.1 Species Richness and Diversity
6.2.2 Stand Density and Basal Cover
6.2.3 Girth Class Distribution
6.2.4 Tree Dominance and Rarity
6.2.5 Importance Value Index (IVI)
6.3 Conclusion
References
Part II: Ethnobotany and Ethnomedicine
7: Structure Design and Establishment of Database Application System for Miao Medicinal Plants in Guizhou Province, China
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Database Structure
7.2.1 Demand Analysis
7.2.2 Data Sources of Medicinal Plants
7.3 Web Development Platform
7.3.1 Software and Hardware Configuration
7.3.2 Development of Technology
7.3.3 Framework Database
7.4 Implementation of the Database System
7.4.1 Homepage
7.4.2 Species Identification
7.4.3 Data Retrieval
7.4.4 Plant Lists
7.4.5 User Center
7.5 Conclusion
References
8: Documentation and Protection of Traditional Knowledge
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biodiversity
8.2.1 Medicinal Plants
8.2.2 Indian Systems of Medicine
8.2.3 Traditional Medicine
8.2.4 Some Examples of Traditional Medicine
8.2.5 Misappropriation of Traditional Knowledge
8.2.6 Need for Protection
8.3 Conclusion
References
9: Ethnobotanical Assessment of Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous People Living Around the Sacred Groves of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Ethical Issues
9.1.2 Plant Collection, Identification, and Preservation
9.2 Data Matrix Ranking and Data Analysis
9.3 Ethnobotanical Assessment of Medicinal Plants Used by Communities
9.3.1 Demography of Informants
9.4 Taxonomy of Documented Species
9.5 Mode of Preparation
9.6 Fidelity Level of Medicinal Plants
9.6.1 Direct Matrix Ranking (DMR)
9.6.2 Priority Ranking (PR)
9.6.3 Jaccard Index
9.7 Conclusion
References
10: Ethno-botanico-medicine in the Treatment of Diabetes by the Tribal Groups of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ethno-botanico-medicine in the Treatment of Diabetes
10.3 Conclusion
References
11: Ethnomedicine from Konda Reddis of High Altitude Agency Tracts of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Ethnomedicine from Konda Reddis from East Godavari
11.1.2 Dysentery
11.1.3 Jaundice
11.1.4 Rheumatism
11.1.5 Leucorrhoea
11.1.6 Asthma
11.1.7 Diabetes
11.2 Conclusions
References
12: Traditional Use of Plants for the Treatment of Bone Fracture by the Local People of West Sikkim, India
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.3 Method of Traditional Treatment
12.4 Traditional Usage of Plants for the Treatment of Bone Fractures
12.5 Conclusion
References
13: God’s Tree: A Culturally Coded Strategy for Conservation (A Case Study of Gairsain Ecoregion of District Chamoli, Uttarakhand)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 God’s Tree: A Culturally Coded Strategy for Conservation
13.2.1 God’s/Divine Trees in the Region
13.2.2 Values of Some of the God’s Tree
13.2.2.1 Ficus religiosa (Peepal)
13.2.2.2 Pinus roxburghii (Chir)
13.2.2.3 Quercus leucotrichophora (Banj)
13.2.2.4 Prunus cerasoides (Panya)
13.2.2.5 Bombax cieba (Semal)
13.2.2.6 Pyrus pashia (Mehal)
13.3 Discussion
References
14: Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by Ethnic People in Eastern Ghats of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Materials and Methods
14.2.1 Medicinal Plant Survey and Data Collection
14.3 Study Area
14.3.1 Eastern Ghats
14.4 Results and Discussion
14.5 Conclusion
References
15: Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh for the Identification of Plants with Antitumour and Antimicrobial Potential
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methods
15.2.1 Study Sites
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Enumeration of Ethnobotanical Data
15.4 Conclusion
References
16: Controlling Biological Infestations in Museums by Medicinal Plants
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Medicinal Plants and Germicidal Properties
16.2.1 Sweet Flag
16.2.2 Turmeric
16.2.3 Neem
16.2.4 Red Chilli
16.2.5 Camphor
16.2.6 Custard Apple
16.2.7 Cumin
16.2.8 Kalongi
16.2.9 Black Pepper
16.2.10 Ajowan/Ajwain
16.2.11 Clove
16.2.12 Karanja
16.2.13 Tobacco
16.2.14 Tulsi
16.2.15 Citronella
16.3 Controlling Biological Infestations in Museums by Medicinal Plants
References
17: Hitherto Unexplored Aspects of Medicinal Plants from Ayurveda and Vrikshayurveda
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Method
17.2.1 Drug Research (Ayurvedic Viewpoints)
17.2.2 Relevance of Traditional Advice
17.2.3 Desha Vichara
17.3 Relevance of Vrikshayurveda
17.4 Road Map for Future
17.5 Conclusion
References
18: Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants and Practices in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Methodology
18.2.1 The Study Area and Survey
18.3 Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants and Practices
18.3.1 Documentation of Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants and Practices
18.3.2 Morinda citrifolia (Noni)
18.3.3 Andrographis paniculata Nees (Kalmegh)
18.3.4 Aloe vera and Azadirachta indica (Neem)
References
19: Ethnobotanical Trees of Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary, Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Enumeration of Ethnobotanical Trees of Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary
19.3 Tree Diversity in Eastern Ghats of India
References
20: A Study on Medical Systems for Dengue Fever
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Medical Systems for Dengue Fever
20.2.1 Preventive Measures for Dengue Fever
20.2.2 Allopathy Medical System
20.2.3 Homeopathy Medical System
20.2.4 Ayurvedic Medical System
20.2.4.1 Diet During Dengue Fever
20.2.5 Traditional System
20.3 Conclusion
References
Part III: Bioactive Compounds from Plants and Microbes
21: Development of Immunoassays for Ginsenosides in Ginseng
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Eastern Blotting (Tanaka et al. 1997)
21.3 Preparation of Immunoaffinity Column Using Anti-G-Rb1 MAb and Immunoaffinity Concentration of G-Rb1 (Fukuda et al. 2000b)
21.4 Eastern Blotting of Ginsenosides
21.5 Immunoaffinity Concentration by Immunoaffinity Column Conjugated with MAb for the Determination of Ginsenosides (Fukuda et al. 2000b)
References
22: Elicitation of Flavonoids in Kalanchoe pinnata by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation and UV-B Radiation
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Plant Material and Propagation
22.3 Climate Chamber Light Settings and UV-B Elicitation
22.4 Sample Preparation
22.5 Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD)
22.6 Statistical Analysis
22.7 Elicitation of Flavonoids in Kalanchoe pinnata
22.8 Conclusion
References
23: Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles from Trametes ljubarskyi (White Rot Fungus): Efficient and Effective Anticandidal Activity
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from White Rot Fungi
23.3 Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles
23.3.1 UV–Vis Absorption
23.3.2 TEM
23.3.3 FT-IR
23.3.4 Anticandidal Activity
23.4 Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles and Anticandidal Activity
23.4.1 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
23.4.2 Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles
23.4.2.1 FT-IR
23.4.2.2 TEM
23.4.3 Anticandidal Activity
23.5 Conclusion
References
24: Herbal Medicinal Markets in China: An Ethnobotanical Survey
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Major Marketplaces of Herbal Medicine in China
24.3 Common and Massive Medicinal Plants Traded in the Targeted Markets
24.4 Market-Based Traditional Knowledge of Medicinal Plants
24.5 Herbal Markets and Ethnobotany
References
25: Phytochemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of a Traditional Medicinal Plant, Glochidion eriocarpum (Phyllanthaceae)
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Folk Value of Glochidion eriocarpum
25.2.1 Chemical Constituents of Glochidion eriocarpum
25.2.1.1 Terpenoids
25.2.1.2 Glycoside Compounds
25.2.1.3 Other Compounds
25.3 Pharmacological Activity
25.3.1 Antitumor Activity and Cytotoxic Activity
25.3.2 Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects
25.3.3 Antioxidant Activity
25.3.4 Others
25.4 Conclusion
References
26: Endophytic Fungi and Their Impact on Agroecosystems
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Abiotic Stress
26.2.1 Heavy Metals
26.2.2 Drought
26.2.3 Salinity
26.3 Biotic Stress
26.3.1 Pest Control
26.3.2 Herbivory
26.3.3 Antimicrobial
26.3.4 Nematicidal
26.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Activity
26.5 Secondary Metabolites
26.6 Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities
26.7 Conclusion
References
27: GC-MS and In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Present in Leaf Extract of Cassia occidentalis Linn.
27.1 Introduction
27.2 In Silico Molecular Docking
27.3 GC-MS Analysis of Secondary Metabolites Present in Leaf Extract of Cassia occidentalis
27.3.1 Docking of Antidiabetic Enzymes
27.4 Conclusion
References
28: Protective Effect of Mimusops elengi L. on Renal and Hepatic Markers in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
28.1 Introduction
28.1.1 Experimental Induction of Diabetes in Animals
28.1.2 Experimental Design
28.1.3 Biochemical Analysis
28.1.4 Statistical Analysis
28.1.5 Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of M. elengi on Hepatic Marker Enzymes in Normal and Diabetic Rats
28.1.6 Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of M. elengi on Plasma Urea, Uric Acid and Creatinine Levels in Normal and Diabetic Rats
28.1.7 Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of M. elengi on Total Proteins, Albumin, Globulin and A/G Ratio Levels in Normal and Diabetic Rats
28.2 Discussion
28.3 Conclusion
References
29: Extraction and Purification of Gymnemic Acid from Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Extraction of Gymnemic Acid by Hoopers’s Method (Hooper 1887)
29.3 Biochemical Tests to Confirm the Gymnemic Acid
29.4 Gymnemic Acid from Gymnema sylvestre
29.4.1 HPLC Analysis of Active Principles of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.
29.4.2 SDS-PAGE
29.4.2.1 H-NMR Studies
29.5 Conclusion
References
30: GC-MS Profile of the Unsaponifiable and Saponifiable Matters of Coldenia procumbens Linn. Leaves
30.1 Introduction
30.1.1 Experimental
30.1.2 Extraction of Lipoidal Matter
30.1.3 Saponification of Lipoidal Matter
30.1.3.1 Preparation of Unsaponifiable Matter
30.1.3.2 Separation of Unsaponifiable Matter
30.1.3.3 Preparation of Saponifiable Matter
30.1.4 Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
30.1.5 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) Analysis
30.2 Results and Discussion
References
31: Isolation of Sterols from the Bark Hexane Extract of Cordia dichotoma
31.1 Introduction
31.1.1 Saponification of C. dichotoma Bark Hexane Crude
31.1.2 Column Chromatography of Unsaponified Matter
31.2 Results and Discussions
31.2.1 Biological Significance of Stigmasterol
31.2.2 Biological Significance of Lupeol
31.3 Conclusion
References
32: Isolation and Characterization of Pharmacologically Active Tannins from Stem Bark of Syzygium samarangense
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Astringency
32.2.1 Classification of Tannins
32.2.1.1 Hydrolysable Tannins
32.2.1.2 Condensed Tannins
32.2.1.3 Complex Tannins
32.2.2 Medicinal Properties of Tannins
32.2.3 Extraction and Isolation
32.2.4 Instrument Conditions
32.2.5 Alkaline Hydrolysis
32.3 Result and Discussion
32.4 Conclusion
References
33: Rare Actinobacteria Nocardiopsis lucentensis VLK-104 Isolated from Mangrove Ecosystem of Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Polyphasic Characterization of the Actinobacterial Strains
33.3 Screening of Potent Actinobacterial Strains for Bioactive Metabolites
33.4 Test Microorganisms
33.5 Molecular Identification
33.6 Nocardiopsis lucentensis VLK-104 from Mangrove Ecosystem
33.6.1 Sample Collection
33.6.2 Isolation of Actinobacteria
33.6.2.1 Cultural Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Characteristics
Morphological Characteristics of the Strain VLK-104
Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of the Strain VLK-104
33.6.3 Antimicrobial Activity
33.6.4 Analysis of the 16S rRNA Gene Sequence of the Strain VLK-104
33.7 Conclusion
References
34: Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae): Evaluation of Root Phytochemical Constituents for Antimicrobial Activity
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Collection and Extraction of Roots
34.3 Antimicrobial Activity
34.4 Statistical Analysis
34.5 Phytochemical Constituents from Aegle marmelos and Their Antimicrobial Activity
34.6 Conclusions
References
35: Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Studies in Different Parts of Sesamum indicum L.
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis
35.3 Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis
35.3.1 By Non-spectrophotometric (Weighing) Method
35.3.2 By Spectrophotometric Method (John et al. 2014; Shamsa et al. 2008; Tabasum et al. 2016; Sadasivam 1996)
35.4 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) (Harborne 1998)
35.5 Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (LCMS)
35.6 Phytochemicals from Sesamum indicum
References
36: Phytochemical Investigation and Comparative Evaluation of Various Market Samples of Triphala Powder from India with References to Their Free Scavenging and Anti-diabetic Activity: An In Vitro Approach
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Triphala
36.2.1 Sample Collection and Preparation of Crude Extract
36.2.2 Development of Standardization Parameters for Triphala churna
36.2.2.1 Study of Organoleptic Characters
36.2.2.2 Determination of Physicochemical Parameters (Indian Pharmacopoeia 1996)
36.2.2.3 Determination of Physical Characteristics (USP-31 2008)
36.2.3 Qualitative Phytochemical Screening (Saravanan et al. 2007b)
36.2.4 In Vitro Studies by Spectrophotometric Method
36.2.4.1 α-Amylase Inhibition Activity
36.2.4.2 Percentage of Scavenged Hydrogen Peroxide
36.3 Triphala: Free Scavenging and Anti-diabetic Activity
36.3.1 Determination of Organoleptic Characters
36.3.2 Determination of Physicochemical Parameters
36.3.3 Evaluation of Physical Characteristics
36.3.4 Qualitative Phytochemical Screening Tests
36.3.5 In Vitro Studies by Spectrophotometric Method
36.3.5.1 Comparative Study Among Various Samples for Their Various Activities
36.4 Conclusion
References
37: In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Canthium parviflorum Lam. Extracts Against Cancer Cell Lines
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Callus Culture
37.2.1 Extraction from Callus Cultures
37.2.1.1 MTT Assay
37.2.1.2 Maintenance of Cell Line
37.2.1.3 Preparation of Test Compound
37.2.1.4 Caco2 and HEPG2 Cell Viability by MTT Assay
37.2.2 Anticancer Activity of Canthium parviflorum
37.3 Conclusion
References
38: Bioactive Metabolites from Streptomyces nanhaiensis VSM-1: Polyphasic Taxonomy, Optimization, and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Metabolites by GC-MS Analysis
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Materials and Methods
38.2.1 Sampling and Isolation
38.2.2 Identification
38.2.3 Optimization
38.2.3.1 Incubation Period
38.2.3.2 Culture Conditions for the Optimum Production of Bioactive Metabolites
pH and Temperature
NaCl Concentration
Carbon and Nitrogen Sources
Minerals
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
Experimental Design by RSM
Model Adequacy Verification
Unstructured Mathematical Modeling
Statistical Analysis
Fermentation
Identification of Antimicrobial Metabolites by GC-MS
38.3 Results and Discussion
38.3.1 Media Optimization
38.3.1.1 Incubation Period
38.3.1.2 pH and Temperature
38.3.1.3 NaCl Concentration
38.3.1.4 Carbon and Nitrogen Sources
38.3.1.5 Minerals
38.3.2 RSM Modeling and Optimization of Bioactive Metabolite Production by Streptomyces nanhaiensis VSM-1
38.3.3 3D Plots
38.3.4 Kinetic Modeling
38.3.5 Identification of Potential Bioactive Constituents by GC-MS
38.4 Conclusion
Appendix
References
39: In Vitro Cultured Cells as an Option for Enhancing the Production of Bioactive Compounds: Some Selected Case Studies
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Advances Made in the Production of Secondary Metabolites Through In Vitro Cultures
39.3 Elicitation of Cultured Cells
39.3.1 Plumbago rosea
39.3.2 Tinospora cordifolia
39.3.3 Morinda citrifolia
39.3.4 Withania somnifera
39.3.5 Gloriosa superba
39.4 Conclusions
References
40: Antidiabetic Studies of the Leaf Extract of Enicostemma littorale (Blume) Using Wistar Rats
40.1 Introduction
40.1.1 Thin Layer Chromatography
40.1.2 Column Chromatography
40.1.3 Experimental Animals
40.2 Effect of E. littorale Ethyl Acetate Active Fractions on Fasting Plasma Glucose and Plasma Insulin Levels in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
40.3 Assessment of Total Hemoglobin, Glycosylated Hemoglobin, Plasma Insulin, and Hepatic Glycogen Levels
40.4 Histopathological Observation in Antidiabetic Study of the Experimental Rat Pancreas
40.4.1 Determination of Effective Dose of E. littorale Ethyl Acetate Active Fraction and Fasting Glucose Test
References
Part IV: Biotechnology
41: Molecular and Cytogenetical Approaches for Genetic Diversity Analysis of Wild and Cultivated Medicinal Plant Species from North-East India with Focus on Genus Curcuma
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Plant Materials and Study Area
41.3 Genetic Diversity Analysis of Wild and Cultivated Curcuma: Molecular and Cytogenetical Approach
References
42: Mutagenic Effect of Chemicals on Certain Biochemical Parameters in Two Cultivars of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Materials and Methods
42.2.1 Determination of Leaf Protein
42.2.2 Quantitative and Qualitative Estimation of Enzyme Activity in the 10-Day-Old Seedlings
42.2.2.1 Estimation of Peroxidase Activity
42.2.2.2 Isolation of Peroxidases
42.2.2.3 Determination of Catalase Activity
42.2.2.4 Isolation of Catalase Isoenzymes
42.2.3 Quantitative and Qualitative Estimation of Seed Protein
42.2.3.1 Determination of Seed Protein
42.2.3.2 Protein Profile Analysis by Electrophoresis
42.2.3.3 Preparation of Gel
42.2.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Estimation of Seed Oil
42.2.4.1 Determination of Oil Content (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
42.2.4.2 Determination of Fatty Acids by GLC
42.3 Results
42.3.1 Biochemical Studies
42.3.2 Estimation of Leaf Protein
42.3.3 Quantitative and Qualitative Estimation of Enzyme Activity in the 10-Day-Old Seedlings
42.3.3.1 Estimation of Peroxidase Activity
42.3.3.2 Analysis of Peroxidase Isoenzymes by PAGE
42.3.3.3 Determination of Catalase Activity
42.3.3.4 Isolation of Catalase Isoenzymes
42.3.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Estimation of Seed Protein
42.3.4.1 Determination of Seed Protein Content
42.3.4.2 Analysis of Seed Protein Profile
42.3.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Estimation of Oil
42.3.5.1 Determination of Seed Oil
42.3.5.2 Analysis of Fatty Acid Profile
42.4 Discussion
42.4.1 Biochemical Studies
42.4.2 Estimation of Leaf Protein
42.4.3 Estimation and Analysis of Isoenzymes
42.4.4 Determination of Seed Protein Content and Profile
42.4.5 Oil Estimation and Fatty Acid Profile
References
43: Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Gamma Rays in Musk Okra (Abelmoschus moschatus L.)
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Material and Methods
43.2.1 Plant Height
43.2.2 Number of Branches per Plant
43.2.3 Stem Girth (mm)
43.2.4 Stem Colour
43.2.5 Leaf Characters
43.2.5.1 Leaf Colour
43.2.5.2 Leaf Length and Width (cm)
43.2.5.3 Petiole Length and Width (cm)
43.2.5.4 Petiole Colour
43.2.6 Flower Characters
43.2.6.1 Number of Petals
43.2.6.2 Days Taken for 50% Flowering
43.2.6.3 Pod Yield (Number of Pods/Plot)
43.2.6.4 Seed Yield per Plot (g)
43.3 Conclusion
References
44: Detection of Genetic Variation in Biophytum sensitivum Linn. by RAPD and ISSR Markers
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Experimental Design and Data Collection
44.2.1 Genomic DNA Isolation
44.2.2 RAPD Studies
44.2.3 ISSR Studies
44.2.4 Scoring the Data and Analysis
44.3 Genetic Variation in Biophytum sensitivum Linn.
44.3.1 RAPD Analysis
44.3.2 ISSR Analysis
44.3.3 Dendrogram of B. sensitivum
44.4 Conclusion
References
45: Development of Standard Protocols for In Vitro Regeneration of Some Selected Banana Cultivars (Musa spp.) from India
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Media Preparation and Sterilization
45.3 Micropropagation of Selected Banana Cultivars
45.3.1 Initiation of Explants
45.3.2 In Vitro Multiplication of Initiated Explants in Different Media
45.3.2.1 The Multiplication Ratio
45.3.2.2 Grand Naine
45.3.2.3 Monthan
45.3.2.4 Red Banana
45.3.3 Response of Banana Shoots in Medium Containing Activated Charcoal
45.3.4 A Model for In Vitro Micropropagation Protocol for Banana
45.3.5 Importance of Bud Splitting Technique
45.3.6 Role of Activated Charcoal (AC) and Antioxidants in Tissue Culture Media
45.3.7 Role of IAA (Auxin) and BAP (Cytokinin) in Tissue Culture Media
45.3.8 Acclimatization of In Vitro Derived Plants
45.4 Conclusions
References
46: In Vitro Method of High-Frequency Plant Regeneration Through Internodal Callus of Ruta graveolens L.
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Plants Regeneration Through Internodal Callus of Ruta graveolens L.
46.2.1 Callus Induction
46.2.2 Shoot Induction
46.2.3 Rooting and Acclimatization
46.2.4 Micropropagation Studies in R. graveolens L.
46.2.5 Acclimatization of Plantlets
References
47: Conservation of an Endangered Medicinal Forest Tree Species, Oroxylum indicum L. Kurz, Through In Vitro Culture: A Review
47.1 Introduction
47.2 In Vitro Seed Germination
47.3 In Vitro Zygotic Embryo Culture
47.4 In Vitro Regeneration
47.5 Somatic Embryogenesis
47.6 Shoot Tip Culture
47.7 Nodal Culture
47.8 Cotyledonary Node Culture
47.9 Conservation of Medicinal Plant Oroxylum indicum L. Kurz
References
48: DNA Barcode: The Genetic Blueprint for Identity and Diversity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et. Thonn
48.1 Introduction
48.1.1 DNA Isolation
48.1.2 Quantification of DNA
48.1.3 The Universal Primers
48.1.4 Amplification of the Target Sequence
48.1.5 Purification of the PCR Product
48.1.6 DNA Sequencing
48.1.7 Phylogenetic Analysis
48.2 Results
48.2.1 DNA Isolation, Amplification and Sequencing
48.2.2 Sequencing
48.2.3 Phylogenetic Analysis
48.3 Discussion
References
49: Microbiological and Physicochemical Quality of Potable Water in Valasi, Agency Area, Andhra Pradesh
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Study Area
49.2.1 Arithmetic Mean
49.2.2 Variance (v) and Standard Deviation (σ)
49.3 Microbiological and Physicochemical Quality of Potable Water
49.3.1 Stream Water
49.3.1.1 Percentage of Pathogenic Bacteria
49.3.1.2 Bioindices
49.3.2 Bore Water
49.3.2.1 Percentage of Pathogenic Bacteria
49.3.2.2 Bioindices
49.3.3 Well Water
49.3.3.1 Percentage of Pathogenic Bacteria
49.3.3.2 Bioindices
49.4 Seasonal Variations
49.4.1 Bioindices
49.5 Conclusion
References
Index