Location, Localization, and Localizability: Location-awareness Technology for Wireless Networks

✍ Scribed by Yunhao Liu, Zheng Yang

• Publisher: Springer; Second Edition 2024
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 221
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Time flies since the debut of this book. In the past ten years, localization technology has evolved from small saplings into towering trees. Robots and drones with autonomous positioning and navigation capabilities, once considered unreachable fantasies, have gradually become a reality. However, while we are being amazed at the groundbreaking changes brought about by technology, as researchers, we still need to remain acutely attentive to the current limitations of localization. Some significant challenges still impede the widespread deployment. For example, traditional Wi-Fi fingerprint-based wireless localization, due to various challenges in fingerprint database collection and maintenance, has remained stay in the laboratory, and even when using smartphones for localization in malls, we still cannot achieve the outdoor GPS-like experience. The list goes on and on.

Against this backdrop, the reissue of this book aims to more comprehensively reflect the latest developments in localization technology. We have added introductions to emerging technologies such as passive high-precision localization based on wireless signal CSl and autonomous localization for smart devices. Additionally, we have integrated and further streamlined technical chapters that now appear outdated adapting to the pace of the times.

This book aims to provide a comprehensive and in-depth view of location-awareness technology in today’s popular wireless networks. However, the obvious diversity of networks, from short-range Bluetooth to long-range telecommunication networks, makes it very challenging to organize materials. Although general principles exist, the implementation differs from network to network and application to application.

The book can serve as a guidebook for the technicians and practitioners in the industry of location systems. They can expect to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the field, in order to compare and select localization solutions fulfilling various application requirements. Abundant references in the book open up a broader domain for advanced study. In addition, the book is tailored toward a textbook for college researchers and graduate students.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition
Preface
Book Organization
Anticipated Audience
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Location-Based Services
1.1.1 Location-Based Applications
Motivating Example: GreenOrbs
1.1.2 Location-Aided Network Functions
Routing
1.1.3 Topology Control
Coverage
Boundary Detection
Clustering
1.2 Introduction to Localization
1.3 Book Organization
References
Chapter 2: Physical Measurements
2.1 Distance Measurements
2.1.1 Radio Signal Strength
2.1.2 Time of Arrival (ToA)
One-Way Propagation Time Estimation
Round-Trip Propagation Time Estimation
Symmetric Double-Sided Two-Way Ranging (SDS-TWR)
BeepBeep
2.1.3 Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA)
2.1.4 Channel State Information (CSI)
Ray-Tracing Model
Scattering Model
2.2 Angle Measurement
2.3 Area Measurement
2.3.1 Single Reference Area Estimation
2.3.2 Multi-Reference Area Estimation
2.4 Hop Count Measurements
2.5 Neighborhood Measurement
2.6 Summary
References
Chapter 3: One-Hop Location Estimation
3.1 Distance-Based Positioning Techniques
3.2 TDoA-Based Positioning Techniques
3.3 AoA-Based Positioning Techniques
3.4 RSS-Profiling-Based Positioning Techniques
3.4.1 Offline Profiling Scheme
3.4.2 Online Profiling Scheme
References
Chapter 4: Range-Based Network Localization
4.1 Computation Organization
4.2 Centralized Localization Approaches
4.2.1 Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)
4.2.2 Semidefinite Programming (SDP)
4.3 Distributed Localization Approaches
4.3.1 Beacon-Based Localization
Iterative Trilateration
Finite Localization by Bilateration
4.3.2 Coordinate System Stitching
Local Map Stitching
Component Stitching
4.4 Summary
4.4.1 Beacon Nodes
4.4.2 Node Density
4.4.3 Accuracy
4.4.4 Cost
References
Chapter 5: Range-Free Network Localization
5.1 Basic Hop-Based Algorithms
5.1.1 DV-Hop
5.1.2 Amorphous
5.2 Improved Hop-Based Algorithms for Anisotropic Networks
5.2.1 PDM-Based Localization in Anisotropic Networks
5.2.2 Rendered Path in Networks with Holes
5.2.3 Delaunay Complex-Based Localization
Basic Delaunay Complex-Based Algorithm
Incremental Landmark Selection Scheme
5.3 Proximity-Based Algorithms
5.3.1 Point-in-Triangulation Test
5.3.2 Perpendicular Intersection
5.3.3 Relative Distance Estimation
5.4 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Error Control
6.1 Measurement Errors
6.1.1 Errors in Distance Measurements
6.1.2 Negative Impact of Noisy Ranging Results
6.2 Error Characteristics
6.2.1 What Is CRLB
6.2.2 CRLB for Multihop Localization
6.2.3 CRLB for One-Hop Localization
6.3 Localization Ambiguities
6.4 Location Refinement
6.4.1 A Framework of Location Refinement
6.4.2 Metrics for Location Refinement
6.5 Outlier-Resistant Localization
6.5.1 Explicitly Sifting
6.5.2 Implicitly De-Emphasizing
What Is Robust Statistics?
Robust Statistics Based Localization
6.6 Summary
References
Chapter 7: Localizability
7.1 Network Localizability
7.2 Graph Rigidity
7.2.1 Globally Rigid Graphs
7.2.2 Conditions for Network Localizability
7.3 Inductive Construction of Globally Rigid Graphs
7.3.1 Trilateration
7.3.2 Wheel
7.4 Node Localizability
7.5 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Robust Indoor Localization
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview
8.2.1 Classical Fingerprinting Framework
8.2.2 ViViPlus Overview
8.3 Spatial Awareness of RSS Fingerprints
8.3.1 Limitations of RSS Fingerprints
8.3.2 RSS Spatial Gradient
RSG Matrix Specification
RSG Matrix Superiority
8.4 ViViPlus Design
8.4.1 Realization of RSS Spatial Gradient
Profiling a Reference Location
Discretization of RSG Matrix
Profiling a Query Fingerprint
8.4.2 Localization with RSG Matrices
DANN-Based Method
Eigenvector-Based Method
SIFT-Like Method
8.5 Implementations and Evaluation
8.5.1 Experiment Methodology
System Implementation and Workflow
Experimental Scenarios and Datasets
Comparative Methods
Evaluation Metrics
8.5.2 Overall Performance
Different Localization Methods with RSG Matrix
Overall Performance Comparison
Absolute vs. Discrete RSG Matrix
Performance with Different Conditions
Performance Comparison with Different Time Interval
Long-Term Performance Comparison
8.5.3 Impact of Parameters
Impacts of Neighbor Number
Impacts of AP Number
Impacts of Domain Number
8.5.4 ViViPlus in Mobile Tracking
8.6 Related Works
8.7 Summary
References
Chapter 9: Automatic Fingerprint Database Update
9.1 Introduction
9.2 System Overview
9.3 Adversarial Learning-Based Robust Localization
9.3.1 Fingerprint-Image Transformer
9.3.2 Feature Extractor
9.3.3 Location Predictor
9.3.4 Domain Discriminator
9.3.5 Spatial Constraint
9.3.6 Objective and Training
9.4 Cotraining-Based Reliable Model Update
9.4.1 Reliable Fingerprint Selection
9.4.2 Diversity Augmentation
9.4.3 Rationale Behind Reliable Model Update
9.5 Implementation and Evaluation
9.5.1 Experimental Methodology
9.5.2 Performance Evaluation
9.5.3 Study of Core Components
9.6 Related Work
9.7 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Location Privacy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Threats
10.2.1 How Can the Adversary Obtain Location Information of Others?
10.2.2 What Is the Negative Consequence of a Location Leak?
10.3 Protection Strategies
10.3.1 Regulatory Approaches
10.3.2 Privacy Policies
10.3.3 Anonymity
10.3.4 Obfuscation
10.4 Anonymity-Based Approaches
10.4.1 k-Anonymity
10.4.2 Mix Zone
10.4.3 Using Dummies
10.4.4 Path Confusion
10.4.5 Comparison
10.5 Summary
References