Knitting Science, Technology, Process and Materials: A Sustainable Approach (Textile Science and Clothing Technology)

✍ Scribed by Hafsa Jamshaid (editor), Rajesh Mishra (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 206
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This volume explains knitting technology in an easily-comprehensible and user-friendly manner. The manufacturing of a cost-effective quality product requires careful planning and thorough knowledge of the product as well as production technology. To achieve the desired functional properties in fabric, the relationship between the raw materials, process and finished product is very important. Knitting has been and remains an important textile technique due to the properties of knitted fabric such as elasticity, stretchability, and comfort. Despite the prominence of knitwear, there has been limited data regarding mechanics of weft knitted fabric and effect of structures on physical, mechanical and comfort properties. This book is an attempt to fill that gap. The book provides knowledge about fabric manufacturing techniques, weft knitting structure, and methods of evaluating knitted fabrics and their applications in technical textiles. It also discusses different types of yarn and their manufacturing processes. Testing and quality control in industrial practice as well as management of a fabric dyeing house are also covered.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Introduction: Knitting Fundamentals
1 History of Textile
2 Knitting
2.1 History of Knitting
3 General Terms of Knitting
4 Comparison of Weft and Warp Knitting
5 Merits of Knitting
5.1 Demerits of Knitting
6 End Uses of Weft and Warp Knitting
References
Yarns in Knitting
1 Introduction
2 Selection Criteria for Weft Knitting w.r.t. Fibers and Yarns
3 Classification of Yarns
3.1 Staple Spun Yarns
3.1.1 Types of Staple Yarn Based on Fiber Length
3.1.2 Types of Staple Yarns with Respect to Twist Amount/Degree of Twist
3.1.3 Types of Staple Yarns with Respect to Twist Direction
3.1.4 Types of Staple Yarns w.r.t. Manufacturing Technique
3.2 Filament Yarn
3.2.1 Multifilament Yarn
3.3 Fancy Yarn
4 Quality Requirements of Yarn in Knitting
4.1 Yarn Count/Numbering System
4.1.1 Direct System
4.1.2 Indirect Numbering System
4.1.3 Yarn Count for Plied Yarns
4.2 Yarn Twist
4.3 Yarn Evenness/Uniformity
4.4 Yarn Hairiness
4.5 Strength
4.6 Yarn Friction
4.7 Yarn Winding
4.8 Yarn Management/Handling
5 Yarn Quality Standards for 20/1 and 30/1 Cotton Combed Yarn
6 Yarn Testing
7 Knitting Yarn Defects
References
Weft Knitting Machines
1 Introduction
2 Circular Knitting Machines
3 Classification of Circular Knitting Machine
3.1 Classification Based on Needles Bed
4 Single Needle Bed
5 Double Needle Bed
6 Purl Knitting Machines
6.1 Classification Based on the Diameter
7 Large Diameter Machines
8 Medium Diameter Machines
9 Small Diameter Machines
10 Major Parts of Circular Knitting Machines
10.1 Frame
10.2 Drive
10.3 Yarn Feeding System
11 Yarn Feeders
12 Cams
13 Fabric Takedown
14 Monitoring System and Service Devices
15 Knitting Elements of Circular Knitting Machines
16 Needles
17 Latch Needles
18 The Jack
19 Bearded Needle
20 Compound Needles
21 Dial
22 Cylinder
23 Sinkers
24 Designing Elements of Knitting Machines
25 Cam Plate Mechanism
26 Jacquard Knitting
27 Intarsia
28 Flat Knitting Machine
29 Types of Flatbed Knitting Machines
30 Needle Bed
31 Carriage
32 Yarn Feeding
33 Fabric Takedown
34 Monitoring System of Flat Knit Machines
35 Fully Fashioned Seamless Flat Knit Machine
36 Glove Knitting Machine
37 Latest Advancements in Knitting Machines
References
Weft-Knitted Structure and Their Effect on Fabric Properties
1 Introduction
2 Weft-Knitted Structural Notations
2.1 Verbal Notation
2.2 Graphical Notation
2.3 Symbolic Notation
2.4 Diagrammatic Notation
3 Weft Knitting Patterning Mechanisms
3.1 Conventional Cam Plate System
3.1.1 Knit CAM
3.1.2 Tuck CAM
3.1.3 Miss CAM
3.2 Jacquard Knitting
4 Single Jersey Derivatives
4.1 Plain Jersey
4.2 Single Locast Pique
4.3 Double Locast Pique/Double Cross Tuck 1 × 1 and Jumbo PQ
4.4 Honeycomb and Jumbo Honeycomb
4.5 Single and Double Cross Miss
4.6 Two-Thread Fleece Derivatives
4.7 Three-Thread Fleece Derivatives
4.8 Horizontal Stripes Fabrics
4.9 Vertical Stripes Fabric
5 Rib Structural Derivatives
5.1 Plain Rib
5.1.1 Plain Rib Derivatives
5.2 Milano Rib Derivatives
5.3 Cardigan Rib Derivatives
5.4 Rib Ripple
5.5 Belgian Double PQ
6 Interlock Structural Derivatives
6.1 Plain Interlock
6.2 Interlock Cross Tubular
6.3 Interlock Half Cardigan
6.4 Interlock Half Milano
6.5 Interlock Modified
7 Specialty Knitted Structures
7.1 Plaited Fabrics
7.2 Three-Dimensional Spacer Fabrics
7.3 Intarsia Technique
References
Mechanics of Weft-Knitted Structure
1 Mechanics of Weft-Knitted Structures
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Why Knitted Fabrics Are Stretchable?
1.3 Mechanics of Single Jersey Fabrics
1.4 Mechanics of Rib Fabrics
1.5 Mechanics of Interlock Fabrics
1.6 Mechanics of Miscellaneous Functional Knitted Structures
References
Knitwear Dyeing: Theory and Sustainability
1 Introduction
2 Wet Processing of Knitwear
3 Theory of Dyeing
3.1 Phases of Dyeing
3.1.1 Disaggregation of Dyestuff
3.1.2 Exhaustion
3.1.3 Adsorption
3.1.4 Diffusion
3.1.5 Fixation
3.2 Solubility and aggregation
3.3 Chemistry of Dye–Fibre Interaction
3.4 Kinetics of Dyeing
4 Dyeing Theory to Practical Application
5 Sustainable Approaches in Dyehouse
5.1 Right First-Time Approach
5.1.1 Impact of Dyeing Theory
5.1.2 Impact of R&D
5.1.3 Implementation of RFT Using Six Sigma
5.2 Material and Process Modification
5.2.1 Process Modification
5.2.2 Dyes and Auxiliaries
5.3 Water Conservation
6 Conclusion
References
Textile Testing and Quality Control in Knitting
1 Introduction
2 Properties of Knitted Fabrics
2.1 Mechanical Properties
2.2 Impact Properties
2.3 Bending Rigidity
2.4 Stretch and Recovery
2.5 Compressibility
2.6 Shear Properties
2.7 Sound Absorption
2.8 Air Permeability and Moisture Management
3 Quality Parameters Based on Applications of Knitted Fabrics
3.1 Cushioning Applications
3.2 Knitted Fabrics for Composites
3.3 Protective Applications
3.4 Knitted Fabrics for Thermo-physiological Clothing
3.5 Knitted Fabrics for Medical Applications
4 Other Applications of Knitted Fabrics
5 Evaluation of Knitted Fabric Characteristics
5.1 Basic Constructional Parameters
5.2 Compression Behavior
5.3 Analysis of Compression Stress–Strain Curve of Knitted Fabrics
5.4 Energy Absorption During Compression of Knitted Fabrics
5.5 In-plane Shear Behavior
5.5.1 Picture Frame Test
5.5.2 Description of the Test Method
5.6 Thermo-physiological Properties
5.6.1 Air Permeability
5.6.2 Thermal Properties
5.6.3 Water Vapor Permeability
6 Acoustic Properties
6.1 Determination of Tortuosity
6.2 Airflow Resistance
6.3 Sound Absorption Properties
6.4 Measurement of Sound Absorption Coefficient (Impedance Tube Method)
6.5 Calculation of Noise Reduction Coefficient
7 Statistical Analysis
References
Technical Applications of Knitted Fabrics
1 Medical Applications
1.1 Non-implantable Medical Textiles
1.2 Implantable Medical Textiles
1.3 Healthcare and Hygiene Products
2 Sports Applications
3 Automobiles
3.1 Acoustic Automotive Textiles
3.2 Car Seats
3.3 Other Applications
4 Composites
4.1 Structure for Composites
4.2 Problems with Knitted Composites Structures
4.3 Difference Between Woven and Knitted Composites
4.4 Applications of Knitted Composites
5 Electronics and Energy Applications
References
Index