Inorganic Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications

✍ Scribed by Johanna Sabine Becker

• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 519
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Providing an exhaustive review of this topic, Inorganic Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications provides details on all aspects of inorganic mass spectrometry, from a historical overview of the topic to the principles and functions of mass separation and ion detection systems. Offering a comprehensive treatment of inorganic mass spectrometry, topics covered include: Recent developments in instrumentationDeveloping analytical techniques for measurements of trace and ultratrace impurities in different materialsThis broad textbook in inorganic mass spectrometry, presents the most important mass spectrometric techniques used in all fields of analytical chemistry. By covering recent developments and advances in all fields of inorganic mass spectrometry, this text provides researchers and students with information to answer any questions on this topic as well as providing the basic fundamentals for understanding this potentially complex, but increasingly relevant subject.

✦ Table of Contents

Inorganic Mass Spectrometry......Page 4
Contents......Page 10
Foreword......Page 16
Preface......Page 20
Acknowledgements......Page 22
Introduction to Mass Spectrometry......Page 24
1 History of Mass Spectrometric Techniques......Page 30
References......Page 45
2 Ion Sources......Page 48
2.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Ion Source......Page 51
2.1.1 Laser Ablation Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Ion Source......Page 61
2.1.3 Hydride Generation and Cold Vapour Technique Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Source......Page 66
2.2 Spark Ion Source......Page 67
2.3.1 Laser Plasma Ionization......Page 69
2.3.2 Resonant Laser Ionization......Page 73
2.4 Glow Discharge Ion Source......Page 74
2.5 Thermal Surface Ionization Source......Page 79
2.6 Ion Sources for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry (SNMS)......Page 83
2.7 Electron Ionization Source......Page 88
2.8 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Source......Page 92
2.9 Electrospray Ionization Source......Page 93
References......Page 96
3 Ion Separation......Page 100
3.1.1 Magnetic Sector Field Analyzer......Page 101
3.1.2 Electric Sector Field Analyzer......Page 104
3.1.3 Combination of Magnetic and Electric Sector Fields – Double-focusing Sector Field Mass Spectrometer......Page 106
3.2.1 Quadrupole Mass Analyzer......Page 110
3.2.2 Time-of-flight Analyzer......Page 114
3.2.3 Ion Trap Mass Analyzer......Page 117
3.2.4 Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Analyzer......Page 118
3.3 Mass Resolution and Abundance Sensitivity......Page 121
References......Page 124
4.1 Faraday Cup......Page 126
4.2 Secondary Electron Multiplier......Page 128
4.3 Combination of Faraday Cup and Secondary Electron Multiplier......Page 130
4.4 Channel Electron Multiplier and Microchannel Plates......Page 131
4.5 Daly Detector......Page 132
4.6 Multiple Ion Collection System......Page 134
4.7 Fluorescence Screen and Photographic Ion Detection......Page 136
References......Page 137
5 Instrumentation......Page 140
5.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometers (ICP-MS)......Page 143
5.1.1 Quadrupole Based ICP Mass Spectrometers (ICP-QMS)......Page 144
5.1.2 ICP Mass Spectrometers with Collision or Dynamic Reaction Cell or Collision Reaction Interface......Page 146
5.1.3 Double-focusing Sector Field ICP Mass Spectrometers with Single Ion Collector (ICP-SFMS)......Page 154
5.1.4 Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometers (ToF-MS)......Page 156
5.1.5 Multiple Ion Collector ICP Mass Spectrometers (MC-ICP-MS)......Page 158
5.1.6 Solution Introduction Systems in ICP-MS......Page 164
5.1.7 Hydride Generation and Cold Vapour Technique......Page 169
5.1.8 Flow Injection and Hyphenated Techniques......Page 170
5.1.9 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometers (LA-ICP-MS)......Page 173
5.2 Spark Source Mass Spectrometers (SSMS)......Page 176
5.3 Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometers (LIMS)......Page 177
5.4 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometers (RIMS)......Page 178
5.5 Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometers (GDMS)......Page 180
5.6 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometers (TIMS)......Page 183
5.7 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometers (SIMS) and Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometers (SNMS)......Page 184
5.8 Accelerator Mass Spectrometers (AMS)......Page 190
5.9 Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometers for Stable Isotope Ratio Measurements......Page 192
5.10 Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometers......Page 193
References......Page 194
6.1 Qualitative Analysis......Page 200
6.1.1 Isotopic Pattern......Page 201
6.1.3 Interference Problems......Page 203
6.2 Quantification Procedures......Page 210
6.2.1 Semi-quantitative Analysis......Page 211
6.2.2 One Point Calibration in Solid-state Mass Spectrometry Using a Certified Reference Material......Page 212
6.2.3 Quantification of Analytical Data via Calibration Curves in Mass Spectrometry Using Certified Reference Materials or Defined Standard Solutions......Page 216
6.2.4 Isotope Dilution Technique......Page 219
6.2.5 Quantification in Solid-state Mass Spectrometry Using Synthetic Laboratory Standards......Page 222
6.2.6 Solution Based Calibration in LA-ICP-MS......Page 224
6.3 Sample Preparation and Pretreatment......Page 231
6.3.2 Sample Preparation for ICP-MS......Page 232
6.3.3 Trace Matrix Separation and Preconcentration Steps......Page 234
References......Page 235
7.1 Sampling and Sample Preparation of Gases and Volatile Compounds......Page 238
7.2 Applications of Inorganic Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Gases and Volatile Compounds......Page 239
7.3 Stable Isotope Ratio Measurements of Gases and Volatile Compounds......Page 243
References......Page 244
8 Isotope Ratio Measurements and their Application......Page 246
8.1 Capability of Inorganic Mass Spectrometry in Isotope Ratio Measurements......Page 249
8.2 Limits for Precision and Accuracy of Isotope Ratio Measurements and How to Solve the Problems......Page 251
8.4 Isotope Ratio Measurements by Quadrupole based ICP-MS......Page 255
8.5 Isotope Ratio Measurements by Laser Ablation ICP-MS......Page 257
8.6 Multiple Ion Collector Mass Spectrometry for High Precision Isotope Ratio Measurements......Page 260
8.7 Applications of Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry......Page 262
8.8 Isotope Ratio Measurement of Long-Lived Radionuclides......Page 264
8.9 Applications of Isotope Ratio Measurements in Geochemistry and Geochronology......Page 269
References......Page 273
9 Fields of Application in Trace, Ultratrace and Surface Analysis......Page 278
9.1 Materials Science......Page 279
9.1.1 Trace and Ultratrace (Bulk) Analysis of Metals and Alloys......Page 283
9.1.2 Semiconductors......Page 291
9.1.3 Ceramics, Glasses, Polymers and Other Non-conductors......Page 295
9.1.4 Thin and Thick Film Analysis......Page 300
9.1.5 Analysis of Surface Contamination and of Process Chemicals Used in Semiconductor Technology......Page 310
9.1.6 Microlocal Analysis in Materials Research......Page 314
9.1.7 Imaging by Inorganic Mass Spectrometry in Materials Science......Page 315
References I......Page 316
9.2 Environmental Science and Environmental Control......Page 321
9.2.1 Analysis of Water Samples......Page 323
9.2.2 Analysis of Air Samples, Particles and Smoke......Page 327
9.2.4 Environmental Monitoring of Selected Elements, Group Elements and Trace Element Species......Page 329
9.2.5 Isotope Ratio Measurements in Environmental Samples......Page 331
9.2.6 Monitoring of Radionuclides in the Environment......Page 334
References II......Page 336
9.3 Biology......Page 340
9.3.1 Analysis of Trace Elements in Biological Samples......Page 341
9.3.2 Elemental Speciation in Biological Samples......Page 345
9.3.3 Analysis of Phosphorus, Metals and Metalloids Bonded to Proteins......Page 349
9.3.4 Isotope Ratio Measurements of Biological Systems......Page 354
9.3.5 Trace and Imaging Analysis on Biological Tissues and Single Cells......Page 356
References III......Page 359
9.4 Bioengineering......Page 361
9.4.1 Activities in Bioengineering and Analytics......Page 362
9.4.2 Nanobiotechnology......Page 363
References IV......Page 366
9.5.1 Sampling, Sample Handling and Storage of Medical Samples......Page 367
9.5.2 Body Fluids......Page 368
9.5.3 Hair, Nail, Tooth and Bone Analysis......Page 372
9.5.4 Microanalysis of Small Amounts of Medical Samples......Page 375
9.5.5 P, S, Se and Metal Determination in Proteins......Page 376
9.5.6 Analysis of Tissues......Page 385
9.5.7 Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Medical Tissues......Page 389
9.5.8 Single Cell Analysis......Page 395
References V......Page 398
9.6 Food Analysis......Page 403
9.6.1 Determination of Trace Elements and Species in Foodstuffs......Page 404
9.6.3 Fingerprinting of Foods by Trace Analysis and Isotope Ratio Measurements......Page 408
References VI......Page 409
9.7.1 Sample Preparation Techniques for Geological Samples......Page 411
9.7.2 Fractionation Effects in LA-ICP-MS......Page 413
9.7.3 Multi-element Analysis of Geological Samples......Page 414
9.7.4 Trace Analysis of Selected Elements in Geological Materials......Page 419
9.7.5 Isotope Analysis Including Age Determination of Minerals and Rocks by Mass Spectrometry......Page 421
References VII......Page 430
9.8.1 Cosmochemical Trace Analysis......Page 433
9.8.2 Isotope Analysis in Cosmochemistry......Page 435
9.8.3 Cosmogenic Radionuclides and Age Dating......Page 436
References VIII......Page 437
9.9 Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides......Page 438
9.9.1 Determination of Half-life of Long-lived Radionuclides......Page 441
9.9.2 Methodological Developments and Applications of ICP-MS for Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides Including Trace/Matrix Separation......Page 442
9.9.3 Ultratrace Analysis of Long-lived Radionuclides in Very Small Sample Volumes......Page 447
9.9.4 Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides by LA-ICP-MS and ETV-ICP-MS......Page 450
9.9.5 Particle Analysis by Inorganic Mass Spectrometry......Page 453
References IX......Page 454
9.10 Forensic Analysis......Page 456
9.10.1 Fingerprinting in Forensic Studies......Page 457
9.10.2 Multi-element Analysis for Forensic Studies......Page 458
9.10.3 Trace Element Analysis of Selected Elements and Speciation......Page 459
9.10.4 Nuclear Forensic Studies......Page 460
9.10.5 Forensic Investigations by Isotope Ratio Measurements......Page 461
References X......Page 462
9.11 Study of Cluster and Polyatomic Ion Formation by Mass Spectrometry......Page 463
9.11.1 Carbon and Boron Nitride Cluster Ion Formation......Page 464
9.11.3 Clusters From Metal Oxide/Graphite Mixtures......Page 469
9.11.4 Argon Diatomic Ions......Page 473
9.11.5 Oxide Ion Formation of Long-lived Radionuclides in ICP-MS......Page 476
References XI......Page 478
9.12 Further Applications......Page 479
9.12.2 Archaeology......Page 480
References XII......Page 481
10 Future Developments and Trends in Inorganic Mass Spectrometry......Page 482
Appendix I......Page 486
Appendix II......Page 493
Appendix III......Page 496
Appendix IV......Page 501
Appendix V......Page 504
Index......Page 506