Inorganic mass spectrometry: principles and applications

✍ Scribed by Sabine Becker

• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 518
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Providing an exhaustive review of this topic, Inorganic Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications  provides details on all aspects of inorganic mass spectrometry, from a historical overview of the topic to the principles and functions of mass separation and ion detection systems. Offering a comprehensive treatment of inorganic mass spectrometry, topics covered include:

• Recent developments in instrumentation
• Developing analytical techniques for measurements of trace and ultratrace impurities in different materials

This broad textbook in inorganic mass spectrometry, presents the most important mass spectrometric techniques used in all fields of analytical chemistry. By covering recent developments and advances in all fields of inorganic mass spectrometry, this text provides researchers and students with information to answer any questions on this topic as well as providing the basic fundamentals for understanding this potentially complex, but increasingly relevant subject.

✦ Table of Contents

Inorganic Mass Spectrometry......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 15
Preface......Page 19
Acknowledgements......Page 21
Introduction to Mass Spectrometry......Page 23
1 History of Mass Spectrometric Techniques......Page 29
References......Page 44
2 Ion Sources......Page 47
2.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Ion Source......Page 50
2.1.1 Laser Ablation Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Ion Source......Page 60
2.1.3 Hydride Generation and Cold Vapour Technique Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Source......Page 65
2.2 Spark Ion Source......Page 66
2.3.1 Laser Plasma Ionization......Page 68
2.3.2 Resonant Laser Ionization......Page 72
2.4 Glow Discharge Ion Source......Page 73
2.5 Thermal Surface Ionization Source......Page 78
2.6 Ion Sources for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry (SNMS)......Page 82
2.7 Electron Ionization Source......Page 87
2.8 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Source......Page 91
2.9 Electrospray Ionization Source......Page 92
References......Page 95
3 Ion Separation......Page 99
3.1.1 Magnetic Sector Field Analyzer......Page 100
3.1.2 Electric Sector Field Analyzer......Page 103
3.1.3 Combination of Magnetic and Electric Sector Fields – Double-focusing Sector Field Mass Spectrometer......Page 105
3.2.1 Quadrupole Mass Analyzer......Page 109
3.2.2 Time-of-flight Analyzer......Page 113
3.2.3 Ion Trap Mass Analyzer......Page 116
3.2.4 Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Analyzer......Page 117
3.3 Mass Resolution and Abundance Sensitivity......Page 120
References......Page 123
4.1 Faraday Cup......Page 125
4.2 Secondary Electron Multiplier......Page 127
4.3 Combination of Faraday Cup and Secondary Electron Multiplier......Page 129
4.4 Channel Electron Multiplier and Microchannel Plates......Page 130
4.5 Daly Detector......Page 131
4.6 Multiple Ion Collection System......Page 133
4.7 Fluorescence Screen and Photographic Ion Detection......Page 135
References......Page 136
5 Instrumentation......Page 139
5.1 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometers (ICP-MS)......Page 142
5.1.1 Quadrupole Based ICP Mass Spectrometers (ICP-QMS)......Page 143
5.1.2 ICP Mass Spectrometers with Collision or Dynamic Reaction Cell or Collision Reaction Interface......Page 145
5.1.3 Double-focusing Sector Field ICP Mass Spectrometers with Single Ion Collector (ICP-SFMS)......Page 153
5.1.4 Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometers (ToF-MS)......Page 155
5.1.5 Multiple Ion Collector ICP Mass Spectrometers (MC-ICP-MS)......Page 157
5.1.6 Solution Introduction Systems in ICP-MS......Page 163
5.1.7 Hydride Generation and Cold Vapour Technique......Page 168
5.1.8 Flow Injection and Hyphenated Techniques......Page 169
5.1.9 Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometers (LA-ICP-MS)......Page 172
5.2 Spark Source Mass Spectrometers (SSMS)......Page 175
5.3 Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometers (LIMS)......Page 176
5.4 Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometers (RIMS)......Page 177
5.5 Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometers (GDMS)......Page 179
5.6 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometers (TIMS)......Page 182
5.7 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometers (SIMS) and Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometers (SNMS)......Page 183
5.8 Accelerator Mass Spectrometers (AMS)......Page 189
5.9 Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometers for Stable Isotope Ratio Measurements......Page 191
5.10 Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometers......Page 192
References......Page 193
6.1 Qualitative Analysis......Page 199
6.1.1 Isotopic Pattern......Page 200
6.1.3 Interference Problems......Page 202
6.2 Quantification Procedures......Page 209
6.2.1 Semi-quantitative Analysis......Page 210
6.2.2 One Point Calibration in Solid-state Mass Spectrometry Using a Certified Reference Material......Page 211
6.2.3 Quantification of Analytical Data via Calibration Curves in Mass Spectrometry Using Certified Reference Materials or Defined Standard Solutions......Page 215
6.2.4 Isotope Dilution Technique......Page 218
6.2.5 Quantification in Solid-state Mass Spectrometry Using Synthetic Laboratory Standards......Page 221
6.2.6 Solution Based Calibration in LA-ICP-MS......Page 223
6.3 Sample Preparation and Pretreatment......Page 230
6.3.2 Sample Preparation for ICP-MS......Page 231
6.3.3 Trace Matrix Separation and Preconcentration Steps......Page 233
References......Page 234
7.1 Sampling and Sample Preparation of Gases and Volatile Compounds......Page 237
7.2 Applications of Inorganic Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Gases and Volatile Compounds......Page 238
7.3 Stable Isotope Ratio Measurements of Gases and Volatile Compounds......Page 242
References......Page 243
8 Isotope Ratio Measurements and their Application......Page 245
8.1 Capability of Inorganic Mass Spectrometry in Isotope Ratio Measurements......Page 248
8.2 Limits for Precision and Accuracy of Isotope Ratio Measurements and How to Solve the Problems......Page 250
8.4 Isotope Ratio Measurements by Quadrupole based ICP-MS......Page 254
8.5 Isotope Ratio Measurements by Laser Ablation ICP-MS......Page 256
8.6 Multiple Ion Collector Mass Spectrometry for High Precision Isotope Ratio Measurements......Page 259
8.7 Applications of Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry......Page 261
8.8 Isotope Ratio Measurement of Long-Lived Radionuclides......Page 263
8.9 Applications of Isotope Ratio Measurements in Geochemistry and Geochronology......Page 268
References......Page 272
9 Fields of Application in Trace, Ultratrace and Surface Analysis......Page 277
9.1 Materials Science......Page 278
9.1.1 Trace and Ultratrace (Bulk) Analysis of Metals and Alloys......Page 282
9.1.2 Semiconductors......Page 290
9.1.3 Ceramics, Glasses, Polymers and Other Non-conductors......Page 294
9.1.4 Thin and Thick Film Analysis......Page 299
9.1.5 Analysis of Surface Contamination and of Process Chemicals Used in Semiconductor Technology......Page 309
9.1.6 Microlocal Analysis in Materials Research......Page 313
9.1.7 Imaging by Inorganic Mass Spectrometry in Materials Science......Page 314
References I......Page 315
9.2 Environmental Science and Environmental Control......Page 320
9.2.1 Analysis of Water Samples......Page 322
9.2.2 Analysis of Air Samples, Particles and Smoke......Page 326
9.2.4 Environmental Monitoring of Selected Elements, Group Elements and Trace Element Species......Page 328
9.2.5 Isotope Ratio Measurements in Environmental Samples......Page 330
9.2.6 Monitoring of Radionuclides in the Environment......Page 333
References II......Page 335
9.3 Biology......Page 339
9.3.1 Analysis of Trace Elements in Biological Samples......Page 340
9.3.2 Elemental Speciation in Biological Samples......Page 344
9.3.3 Analysis of Phosphorus, Metals and Metalloids Bonded to Proteins......Page 348
9.3.4 Isotope Ratio Measurements of Biological Systems......Page 353
9.3.5 Trace and Imaging Analysis on Biological Tissues and Single Cells......Page 355
References III......Page 358
9.4 Bioengineering......Page 360
9.4.1 Activities in Bioengineering and Analytics......Page 361
9.4.2 Nanobiotechnology......Page 362
References IV......Page 365
9.5.1 Sampling, Sample Handling and Storage of Medical Samples......Page 366
9.5.2 Body Fluids......Page 367
9.5.3 Hair, Nail, Tooth and Bone Analysis......Page 371
9.5.4 Microanalysis of Small Amounts of Medical Samples......Page 374
9.5.5 P, S, Se and Metal Determination in Proteins......Page 375
9.5.6 Analysis of Tissues......Page 384
9.5.7 Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Medical Tissues......Page 388
9.5.8 Single Cell Analysis......Page 394
References V......Page 397
9.6 Food Analysis......Page 402
9.6.1 Determination of Trace Elements and Species in Foodstuffs......Page 403
9.6.3 Fingerprinting of Foods by Trace Analysis and Isotope Ratio Measurements......Page 407
References VI......Page 408
9.7.1 Sample Preparation Techniques for Geological Samples......Page 410
9.7.2 Fractionation Effects in LA-ICP-MS......Page 412
9.7.3 Multi-element Analysis of Geological Samples......Page 413
9.7.4 Trace Analysis of Selected Elements in Geological Materials......Page 418
9.7.5 Isotope Analysis Including Age Determination of Minerals and Rocks by Mass Spectrometry......Page 420
References VII......Page 429
9.8.1 Cosmochemical Trace Analysis......Page 432
9.8.2 Isotope Analysis in Cosmochemistry......Page 434
9.8.3 Cosmogenic Radionuclides and Age Dating......Page 435
References VIII......Page 436
9.9 Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides......Page 437
9.9.1 Determination of Half-life of Long-lived Radionuclides......Page 440
9.9.2 Methodological Developments and Applications of ICP-MS for Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides Including Trace/Matrix Separation......Page 441
9.9.3 Ultratrace Analysis of Long-lived Radionuclides in Very Small Sample Volumes......Page 446
9.9.4 Determination of Long-lived Radionuclides by LA-ICP-MS and ETV-ICP-MS......Page 449
9.9.5 Particle Analysis by Inorganic Mass Spectrometry......Page 452
References IX......Page 453
9.10 Forensic Analysis......Page 455
9.10.1 Fingerprinting in Forensic Studies......Page 456
9.10.2 Multi-element Analysis for Forensic Studies......Page 457
9.10.3 Trace Element Analysis of Selected Elements and Speciation......Page 458
9.10.4 Nuclear Forensic Studies......Page 459
9.10.5 Forensic Investigations by Isotope Ratio Measurements......Page 460
References X......Page 461
9.11 Study of Cluster and Polyatomic Ion Formation by Mass Spectrometry......Page 462
9.11.1 Carbon and Boron Nitride Cluster Ion Formation......Page 463
9.11.3 Clusters From Metal Oxide/Graphite Mixtures......Page 468
9.11.4 Argon Diatomic Ions......Page 472
9.11.5 Oxide Ion Formation of Long-lived Radionuclides in ICP-MS......Page 475
References XI......Page 477
9.12 Further Applications......Page 478
9.12.2 Archaeology......Page 479
References XII......Page 480
10 Future Developments and Trends in Inorganic Mass Spectrometry......Page 481
Appendix I......Page 485
Appendix II......Page 492
Appendix III......Page 495
Appendix IV......Page 500
Appendix V......Page 503
Index......Page 505