Infections and vaccinations as risk factors for childhood Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: a multicentre case-control investigation

Cigarette-smoking as a risk factor for m

Cigarette-smoking as a risk factor for macroproteinuria and proliferative retinopathy in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes

✍ I. Mühlhauser; P. Sawicki; M. Berger 📂 Article 📅 1986 🏛 Springer 🌐 English ⚖ 296 KB

In a case control study 192 cigarette-smoking patients with Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes were compared with 192 non-cigarette-smoking patients pair-matched for sex (90 females), duration of diabetes (mean 14 years), and age (mean 32 years). Macroproteinuria was found in 19.3% of the smoking a