Indonesian Primates (Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects)

✍ Scribed by Sharon Gursky-Doyen (editor), Jatna Supriatna (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 410
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Indonesia possesses the second largest primate population in the world, with over 33 different primate species. Although Brazil possesses more primate species, Indonesia outranks it in terms of its diversity of primates, ranging from prosimians (slow lorises and tarsiers), to a multitude of Old World Monkey species (macaques, langurs, proboscis moneys) to lesser apes (siamangs, gibbons) and great apes (orangutans). The primates of Indonesia are distributed throughout the archipelago.

Partly in response to the number of primates distributed throughout the Indonesian archipelago, Indonesia is classified as the home of two biodiversity hotspots (Wallacea and Sundaland). In order to be classified as a hotspot, an area must have a large proportion of endemic species coupled with a high degree of threat including having lost more than 70% of its original habitat. Two areas within Indonesia meet these criteria. The tremendous diversity of primates in Indonesia, in conjunction with the conservation issues facing the primates of this region, created a need for this volume.

✦ Table of Contents

Sharon Gursky-Doyen ● Jatna Supriatna
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Chapter 1
Introduction
References
Chapter 2
Measuring Performance of Orangutan Protection and Monitoring Unit: Implications for Species Conservation
Introduction
Methods
Orangutan Protection and Monitoring Unit (OPMU)
Patrolling
Illegal Logging
Forest Encroachment
Gravel Mining
Animal Hunting
Wildlife Monitoring
Crime Investigation
Promoting Awareness
Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
Wildlife Encounters
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 3
Communication, Culture and Conservation in Orangutans
Introduction
Communication and Social Organization
Orangutan Vocal Communication
Culture and Social Learning
Vocal Cultures?
Conservation and Considerations
References
Chapter 4
The Natural History of Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii)
Introduction
Field Sites
Life History
Population Distribution
Behavioral Ecology
Activity Patterns
Diet
Meat Eating
Tool Use
Social Relationships
Male–Male Relationships
Male–Female Relationships
Female–Female Relationships
Mating Strategies
Conservation
Conclusions
References
Chapter 5
Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch): Population and Conservation
Introduction
Threats to the Javan Gibbons
Distribution and Key Populations
Habitat and Remaining Forest
Conservation Measures for the Javan Gibbon
Population and Habitat Viability Analysis Workshop
Rescue and Rehabilitation Program
Javan Gibbon Center
Securing More Habitat via Corridor Development
Educating People to Save the Javan Gibbon
Other Conservation Measure Needs and Recommendations
References
Chapter 6
Siamang Socioecology in Spatiotemporally Heterogenous Landscapes: Do “Typical” Groups Exist?
Introduction
Methods
Study Area and Siamang Population
Behavioral Data Collection
Data Analysis
Results
Intergroup Variation in General Activity Patterns
Seasonal Variation
Inter-annual Differences
Discussion
References
Chapter 7
Impact of Forest Fragmentation on Ranging and Home Range of Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) and Agile Gibbons (Hylobates
Introduction
Study Area
Sungai (Sg.) Misang
Lorong (Lr.) Gambir
Sg. Mangun
Sg. Tembalun
Kulai Tanang
Methods
Day Range
Home Range
Results
Day Range
Home Range Size
Number of 0.25-ha Quadrats Entered
Overlap
Discussion
References
Chapter 8
Behavioural Ecology of Gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in a Degraded Peat-Swamp Forest
Introduction
Historical Note
IUCN Status and Threats
Hylobates albibarbis
Study Area and Gibbons
Aims
Methods
Habituation of Gibbons
Habituation Techniques
Signs that the Gibbons are Becoming More Habituated
Searching for and Locating Gibbons
Home Range Size, Group Encounter Rates and Territorial Overlap
Activity Patterns and Time Budgets
Secondary Activities (Fig. 8.5)
Social Interactions Within the Group
Conflict Between Groups
Ranging Behaviour and Travel Distances
Vertical Use of Forest Canopy
Diet and Feeding Ecology
Energy Intake
Sleeping Trees
Singing
Conclusions
Conservation Recommendations
References
Chapter 9
Effect of Habitat Quality on Primate Populations in Kalimantan: Gibbons and Leaf Monkeys as Case Studies
Introduction
Study Site and Subjects
Field Methods
Habitat-Specific Population Densities
What Determines Habitat Quality for Primates?
Effects of Variation in Habitat Quality
Discussion
Future Directions
References
Chapter 10
Predator Recognition in the Absence of Selection
Introduction
Case Study: Relaxed Predation Pressure in a Wild Primate
Pig-tailed Langurs
Hypotheses and Predictions
Field Site and Experimental Procedure
Results and Discussion
Evaluating Predator Recognition
Reintroductions
Ontogeny
Conclusions
References
Chapter 11
The Relationship Between Nonhuman Primate Densities and Vegetation on the Pagai, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia
Introduction
Hypotheses and Predictions
Methods
Data Analysis
Results
Discussion
Relationship Between Vegetation Variables and Specific Hypotheses and Predictions
Relationship Between Other Vegetation Variables and Primate Densities
Conclusions
Appendix. Primate Densities and Vegetation Variables. Key is at Bottom of Appendix
Key
References
Chapter 12
Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus): Bio-ecology and Conservation
Introduction
Habitat Distribution
Population Density
Population Threats
Geometric and Biomass
Daily Activities and Energy Requirement
Food and Mineral Requirement
In Situ Conservation
Ex Situ Conservation
Conservation Programs
Conclusions
References
Chapter 13
Pests, Pestilence, and People: The Long-Tailed Macaque and Its Role in the Cultural Complexities of Bali
Introduction
Macaque Geographical Distribution
The Bali Macaque
An Anthropogenic Ecology
Population Dynamic Structure: Dispersal
Phylogeny and Population Structure
Population Management and Conservation Genetics
Humans and Macaques on Bali: Ethnoprimatology and Shared Ecologies
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
The Not-So-Sacred Monkeys of Bali: A Radiographic Study of Human-Primate Commensalism
Introduction
Bali’s Sacred Monkeys
Methods
Results
Discussion and Conclusions
Sacred?
References
Chapter 15
Male–Male Affiliation in Sulawesi Tonkean Macaques
Introduction
Study Site and Species
Methods
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Results
Affiliation: Nearest Neighbor
Affiliation: Grooming
Affiliation: Between-Group Comparisons
Agonism Rates
Discussion
References
Chapter 16
Ecology and Conservation of the Hose’s Langur Group (Colobinae: Presbytis hosei, P. canicrus, P. sabana): A Review
Introduction
Methods
Study Species
Data Acquisition
Assessment of Remaining Habitat
Results and Discussion
Ecology and Habitat Use
Distribution and Densities
Habitat Loss, Selective Logging and Hunting
Conclusions
References
Chapter 17
Thomas Langurs: Ecology, Sexual Conflict and Social Dynamics
Introduction
Thomas Langurs and the Study Areas
Distribution and Conservation Status
Ecology
Thomas Langur Demography
Food Competition and Social Behavior
Social Dynamics
Male and Female Sexual Strategies
Male Loud Calls and Male Sexual Strategies
Assessing Male Quality
Cues of Male Quality
Conclusions
References
Chapter 18
Dominance and Reciprocity in the Grooming Relationships of Female Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Indonesia
Introduction
Grooming in Female Relationships
Seyfarth’s Model of Female Grooming
Methods
Location and Study Group
Data Collection and Compilation
Matrix Analysis
Testing for Time-Matching
Comparing Up and Down-Rank Grooming
Testing Dominance Rank’s Effect on Grooming
Testing Rank Effects in Adjacently Ranked Partners
Testing the Influence of Rank on each Individual’s Grooming
Results
Grooming Reciprocity
Group-Level Grooming Reciprocity
Time-Matching in Grooming Relationships
Rank Direction and Grooming Balance
Dominance and Grooming
Rank Adjacency and Grooming
Individual Rank and Grooming
Discussion
Grooming Reciprocity
Grooming and Dominance
Understanding the Social Function of Grooming
References
Chapter 19
Selamatkan Yaki! Conservation of Sulawesi Crested Black Macaques Macaca nigra
Introduction
Current and Historical Status of M. nigra
Why Are M. nigra Numbers Declining?
Threats: Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
Threats: Hunting
Threats: Health
Mitigating Threats Which Endanger the Survival of M. nigra
Mitigation: Education and Awareness
Mitigation: Ecotourism
Hope for the Future
References
Chapter 20
The Function of Scentmarking in Spectral Tarsiers
Introduction
Methods
Study Site
Study Species
Capture and Attachment
Data Collection
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Chapter 21
The Population Ecology of Dian’s Tarsier
Introduction
Taxonomic History
Distribution
Vocalizations
Group Composition
Sleeping Tree Choice
Population Densities
Ranging Patterns
Dian’s Tarsiers in Plantations
Population Genetics
Conservation Status
References
Chapter 22
Using Facial Markings to Unmask Diversity: The Slow Lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: Nycticebus spp.) of Indonesia
Introduction
Methods
Results
Studies from the Wild
N. coucang
N. javanicus
N. menagensis
Facial Masks
Discussion
References
Chapter 23
Conclusions