High Magnetic Fields: Applications in Condensed Matter Physics and Spectroscopy (Lecture Notes in Physics, 595)

✍ Scribed by Claude Berthier (editor), Laurent P. Levy (editor), Gerard Martinez (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2002
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 493
• Edition: 2001
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book is addressed to all scientists interested in the use of high magnetic ?elds and in the use of high-?eld facilities around the world. In particular it will help young scientists and newcomers to the topic to gain a better understanding in areas such as condensed matter physics, in which the magnetic ?eld plays a key role either as a parameter controlling the Hamiltonian, or as an experimental tool to probe the underlying mechanism. This concerns mostly strongly correlated and (or) low dimensional systems. Rather than covering all these subjects in detail, the philosophy here is to give essential physical concepts in some of the most active ?elds, which have been quickly growing in the last ten to twenty years. Besides its role as a physical parameter in condensed matter physics, a large magnetic ?eld is essential to Electron Paramagentic Resonance (EPR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The state of art of high resolution NMRin liquids and solids and high frequency EPRapplied to ?elds like chemistry and biology are also reviewed in this volume. The ?rst series of chapters is devoted to the integer and the Fractional Qu- tum Hall E?ects (FQHE) in two-dimensional electron systems. C. Glattli brushes an historical background and a comprehensive review of transport phenomena in these systems, including recent developments on the mesoscopic electronic transport at the edges of quantum Hall samples, chiral Luttinger liquids and fractional excitations. R.

✦ Table of Contents

Chapter 1
1 Introduction
1.1 The Hall Effect in 2D
1.2 What Is Special in 2D?
1.3 The Surprising Quantizations of the Hall Resistance
2 Realization of Clean 2D Electron Gas
3 Quantum Hall Effect: Bulk Macroscopic Transport
3.1 The Integer Quantum Hall Effect
3.2 The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
4 Quantum Hall Effect: Mesoscopic Transport
4.1 Edge Channels in the Integer Quantum Hall Regime
4.2 An Interacting Picture of IQHE Edge States
4.3 Luttinger Liquid Properties of Fractional Edge Channels
4.4 Fractional Edge Channels with an Arti.cial Impurity
4.5 Shot Noise of Fractional Channels Coupled by an Artificial Impurity. Detection of Fractional Charges
4.6 Measurement of the Fractional Charge Using Noise
References
Chapter 2
1 Introduction
2 The Problem

2.2 What Makes FQHE So Hard?
2.3 Laughlin’s Answer
3 Composite Fermions
4 Hamiltonian Theory I.The Chern-Simons Approach
5 Hamiltonian Theory II
5.1 My Final Answer
6 Computation of Gaps
6.1 Magnetic Phenomena
7 Physics at T > 0
8 Summary
References
Chapter 3
1 Introduction
2 Spin Polarization of Composite Fermions
2.1 Samples and Method
2.2 Spin Transitions
2.3 Spin-Wave Excitations in the FQHE States and Interaction Between Composite Fermions
3 Cyclotron Resonance of Composite Fermions
References
Chapter 4
1 Historical Background
2 Landau Quantization in Weak Magnetic Fields
3 Charge Density Wave Instability
4 Mean-Field Phase Diagram
4.1 Charge Density Wave Transition
4.2 Stripe to Bubble Transition
4.3 Transitions Caused by Particle Discreteness
5 Validity of the Hartree–Fock Theory
5.1 Quantum Lindemann Criterion
5.2 DiagrammaticArgumen ts
5.3 CDW Versus Laughlin Liquids
5.4 Numerical Results
6 Experimental Evidence for Stripes and Bubbles
6.1 Resistance Anisotropy
6.2 New Insulating States
6.3 Other Experimental Findings
7 Many Faces of the Stripe Phase
8 Effective Theories of the Stripe Phase
8.1 Stripe Crystal
8.2 Smectic State
8.3 Nematic State
9 Edge State Models
10 Pinning of Stripes by Disorder
11 Magnetotransport in the Stripe Phase
12 Other Topics
13 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5
1 Introduction
2 Antiferromagnetically Coupled S=1/2 Spin Chains
3 Spin Liquid State of 2-Leg Ladders
4 Two-Leg Ladders in an External Magnetic Field
5 N-Leg Spin Ladders
6 Coupled Ladders and the Transition to AF Order
7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6
1 Semi-classical Groundstates
1.1 Heisenberg Problem
1.2 Semi-classical Groundstates with Competing Interactions
1.3 One-Dimensional Problems
2 Valence Bond Crystals
2.1 Effect of a Frustrating Interaction on a Néel State
2.2 Groundstate Properties of the Valence Bond Crystals
2.3 Elementary Excitations
2.4 A Toy Model
2.5 Possible Realizations in Spin-1/2 SU(2) Models
2.6 Large-N Limits
2.7 Experimental Realizations of Valence Bond Crystals
3 Short-Range Resonating Valence-Bond Phases: Type I SRRVB Spin Liquid
3.1 Anderson’s Idea
3.2 Groundstate Properties of Type I SRRVB Spin Liquids
3.3 Elementary Excitations of Type I SRRVB Spin Liquids
3.4 The Hard Core Quantum Dimer Model on the Triangular Lattice
3.5 Realizations of a Type I Spin Liquid in SU(2) Spin Models
3.6 Chiral Spin-Liquid
4 Type II SRRVB Phases: The “Kagomé-Like” Magnets
4.1 Description of the Groundstate and the First Excitations in the S = 0 Sector
4.2 Excitations in the S =/= 0 Sectors
4.3 Experimental Realizations
5 Magnetization Processes
5.1 Magnetization Curves and Free-Energy Patterns
5.2 Magnetization Plateaus
5.3 Magnetization Plateaus as Crystal of Magnetic Particles
5.4 More Exotic States – Analogy with Quantum Hall Effect
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7
1 Low-Dimensional Spin Systems, Magnetic Fields and NMR
2 NMR Observables
2.1 Local Static Magnetic Field or Spin Value
2.2 Local Static Electric Field Gradient
2.3 Nuclear Spin–Lattice Relaxation Rate (1/T_1) or Dynamic Spin Susceptibility
2.4 Nuclear Spin–Spin Relaxation Rate (1/T_2) or Non-local (AF) Static Spin Susceptibility
2.5 Other Important Examples
3 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 8
1 Introduction
1.1 Magnetic Neutron Scattering
2 Antiferromagnetic Spin-1/2 Chain
2.1 Theoretical Results for the Spin-1/2 Chain
2.2 Experimental Model Systems
2.3 Zero Field Properties
2.4 Spin Correlations in the Magnetized State
3 Uniform Antiferromagnetic Spin-1 Chain
3.1 Experimental Model Systems
3.2 Zero Field Properties
3.3 Spin Correlations in the Magnetized State
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9
1 Introduction
2 Interacting Electrons in One Dimension
2.1 The Tomanaga-Luttinger Model
2.2 Phase Variables Description
2.3 Properties of the Luttinger Liquid State
2.4 The One-Dimensional Electron Gas Model
2.5 A Many-Body Renormalization Group Approach
3 Instabilities of 1D Quantum Liquids: Interchain Coupling
3.1 One-Particle Dimensionality Crossover and Beyond
3.2 Two-Particle Dimensionality Crossover and Pair Deconfinement
4 Applications
4.1 The Fabre and Bechgaard Transfer Salt Series
4.2 The Special Case of TTF[Ni(dmit)2]_2
4.3 An Incursion into Inorganics: The Purple Bronze Li(0.9)Mo_6O_(17)
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10
1 Introduction
2 Organics
2.1 Towards TM_2X
2.2 The TM_2X Era
2.3 Organic Conductors and High Pressure Physics
2.4 Far Infrared Conduction
2.5 1-D Physics in TM_2X Compounds
3 Doped Spin Ladders
3.1 The Sr_(14-x)Ca_xCu_(24)O_(41) Series of Spin Ladders
3.2 Triplet Excitations in Spin Ladders Measured by the ^(63)Cu Knight Shift
3.3 Spin Gap and Superconductivity
4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11
1 Introduction
2 Angular Dependence of the Critical Field in Layered Superconductors
3 Low Temperature Divergence of the Upper Critical Field and the High Field Reentrance of Superconductivity in Layered Superconductors
4 Quantum Corrections to the Upper Critical Field at Low Temperatures
References
Chapter 12
1 Introduction: Low-Dimensional Superconductors in Oriented Magnetic Fields
2 Upper Critical Field Parallel to the Conducting Axis
3 Breaking Through the BCS Pauli Limit
3.1 Possibility of Inhomogeneous Order Parameter State
3.2 Relation to Triplet Pairing
4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13
1 Background
2 Elastic Description of Vortices
3 Disorder, Basic Lengths and Open Questions
4 Statics: Experimental Facts and Bragg Glass Theory
4.1 Bragg Glass
4.2 Positional Order: Decorations and Neutrons
4.3 Unified Phase Diagram
4.4 Second Peak and Peak Effect
5 Dynamics of Vortices
5.1 Creep
5.2 Dynamical Phase Diagram
5.3 Metastability and History Dependence
5.4 Edge Effects
5.5 Transverse Critical Force
6 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 14
1 Introduction
2 Fundamental Electronic and Lattice Features
2.1 Electronic Features
2.2 Perovskite Structures
3 Magnetoresistance of La_(1-x)Sr_xMnO_3
4 Compositional Tuning of CMR and Its Implication in the CMR Mechanism
4.1 Variation of Electronic Phase Diagrams
4.2 Compositional Tuning of CMR
5 Magnetic-Field-Induced Melting of Charge/Orbital-Ordered States
5.1 Charge/Orbital Ordering at x = 1/2
5.2 Effect of Discommensuration of Doping Level
6 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 15
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Spin Polarization
3.1 Spin-Polarized Photoemission
3.2 Tunnel Junctions
3.3 Point Contacts
3.4 Tedrow–Meservey Experiment
3.5 Andreev Reflection
4 Other Half-Metallic Characteristics
4.1 Powder Magnetoresistance (PMR)
4.2 Two-Magnon Scattering
4.3 Chemical Potential Shift
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
1 Introduction: Disordered Insulators, Localization Length, Interactions and Interferences
2 Variable Range Hopping
3 Positive Weak Field Magnetoconductance in the Hopping Regime
4 Interference Effects Inside the Localization Domain. Time Reversal Symmetry Sensitivity of the Localization Length
5 Interaction and Spin Effects on the Magnetoconductance
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
1 Introduction
2 Solid-State NMR: A General Presentation
2.1 The Dominant Interactions in High-Resolution Solid-State NMR
2.2 The Tools of Modern High-Resolution Solid-State NMR
3 Getting to High-Resolution, Averaging Out Anisotropic Signatures
3.1 Magic Angle Spinning: MAS
3.2 Combining MAS and Dipolar Decoupling
4 Half-Integer Quadrupolar Nuclei
4.1 Magic Angle Spinning of Quadrupolar Nuclei
4.2 High Resolution for Quadrupolar Nuclei: DAS/MQ-MAS/STMAS
5 Protons in Solid State Materials
5.1 Magic Angle Spinning for Proton NMR
5.2 Higher Resolution for Proton NMR with Homonuclear Decoupling
6 Reintroducing Anisotropic Interactions, Maintaining High Resolution Selection
6.1 Exchange by Spin Diffusion
6.2 Dipolar Double Quantum–Single Quantum Correlations
6.3 Heteronuclear Correlation Through Bond or Through Space
6.4 Isotropic–Anisotropic Correlations
7 Very High Magnetic Fields
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20
1 Introduction
2 EPR in a Nutshell
3 Instrumentation
3.1 Sources
3.2 Detectors
3.3 Magnets
3.4 Submillimeter Bridges
4 EPR Spectra of Systems with Integer Spin
5 Molecular Clusters
6 Single Molecule Magnets
7 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 21
1 Introduction
2 Interactions Measured by EPR
2.1 Electron Zeeman and Hyper.ne Interactions
2.2 High-Field EPR
3 Pulsed EPR
3.1 Motion of Spins in Magnetic Fields
3.2 FIDs, Spin Echoes and Field Swept Methods
4 Instrumen tation
5 Applications to Photosynthetic Reaction Centers and Model Systems
5.1 Molecular Motion Studied by Relaxation-Time Measurements
5.2 Hydrogen Bonding Studied by ENDOR
5.3 Electron Transfer and Spin Dynamics Studied by TREPR
6 Fourier-Transform EPR Using Broad-Band Stochastic Excitation
7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References