Geosynchronous SAR: System and Signal Processing

✍ Scribed by Teng Long, Cheng Hu, Zegang Ding, Xichao Dong, Weiming Tian, Tao Zeng

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 299
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book chiefly addresses the analysis and design of geosynchronous synthetic aperture radar (GEO SAR) systems, focusing on the algorithms, analysis, methods used to compensate for ionospheric influences, and validation experiments for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Further, it investigates special problems in the GEO SAR context, such as curved trajectories, the Earth’s rotation, the ‘non-stop-and-go’ model, high-order Doppler parameters, temporal-variant ionospheric errors etc. These studies can also be extended to SAR with very high resolution and long integration time. Given the breadth and depth of its coverage, scientists and engineers in SAR and advanced graduate students in related areas will greatly benefit from this book.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Contents
About the Authors
1 Introduction
Abstract
1.1 SAR Concept
1.2 SAR Modes
1.2.1 Stripmap SAR
1.2.2 ScanSAR Mode
1.2.3 Spotlight SAR Mode
1.2.4 Sliding Spotlight SAR Mode
1.2.5 TOPS Mode
1.2.6 Multi-channel Mode
1.2.7 Summary
1.3 Summary of Spaceborne SAR Development
1.4 GEO SAR Concept
1.5 State of Art
1.6 Special Issues and Challenge
1.7 Outline
References
2 GEO SAR System Analysis and Design
Abstract
2.1 Characteristics Analysis of GEO SAR
2.1.1 Characteristics Differences Between LEO SAR and GEO SAR
2.1.2 Coverage and Revisiting
2.1.3 Motion Characteristics
2.1.3.1 Circular Motion Model
2.1.3.2 Motion Comparison Between LEO SAR and GEO SAR
2.1.4 Doppler Characteristics
2.1.4.1 Linear Time-Frequency Relationship
2.1.4.2 Nonlinear Time-Frequency Relationship
2.1.5 Work Modes of GEO SAR
2.2 System Parameters Analysis and Design
2.2.1 Resolution
2.2.1.1 Resolution on the Slant Range Plane
2.2.1.2 Resolution on the Ground Plane
2.2.2 Power Budget
2.2.3 Ambiguity
2.2.3.1 Ambiguity Definition
2.2.3.2 Calculation of Signal Power
Antenna Gain
Doppler Frequency
2.2.3.3 Ambiguity Area and the ASR
2.3 Strategies of Attitude Steering
2.3.1 2D Attitude Steering in Space-Borne SAR
2.3.1.1 Doppler Property Analysis in SCS
2.3.1.2 Analytical Calculation of 2D Attitude Steering Angles
2.3.1.3 Performance Evaluation
2.3.1.4 Zero-Doppler Centroid Control Based on Phase Scan
2.3.2 Optimized Resolution Attitude Control
2.3.2.1 Ground Resolution Optimization
2.3.2.2 Roll-Pitch Steering
2.3.3 Performance Comparison
2.3.3.1 Theoretical Analysis
2.3.3.2 Computer Simulation
2.4 Summary
References
3 Algorithms for GEO SAR Imaging Processing
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Echo Signal Model
3.2.1 Error Analysis of the “Stop-and-Go” Assumption
3.2.2 AccurateSlant Range Model in GEO SAR
3.2.3 Two-Dimensional Spectrum of Echo Signal
3.2.4 Spatially Variant Slant Range Model Coefficients
3.3 Time Domains Algorithm
3.3.1 Traditional BP Algorithm
3.3.2 Fast BP Algorithm
3.3.3 Computer Simulation
3.4 Frequency Domain Algorithm
3.4.1 Analysis of Difficulties
3.4.2 Derivation of Azimuth Compensation
3.4.3 Details of 2D NCSA Based on the Azimuth Compensation
3.5 Discussion
3.5.1 Computer Simulation
3.6 Summary
Appendix A: Derivation of the Range NCS Factor
Appendix B: Derivation of the Azimuth NCS Factor
References
4 Analysis of Temporal-Spatial Variant Atmospheric Effects on GEO SAR
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Troposphere
4.1.2 Ionosphere
4.1.3 Summary
4.2 Tropospheric Influences
4.2.1 Signal Model Considering Time-Varying Troposphere
4.2.2 Theoretical Analysis of Influences on Focusing
4.2.3 Simulation
4.2.3.1 Influences on Echoes
4.2.4 Influences on Focusing
4.3 Background Ionospheric Influences
4.3.1 Background Ionosphere Models
4.3.2 Time-Frequency Signal Model
4.3.3 Influences on Focusing
4.3.4 Effects on Range Focusing
4.3.5 Effects on Azimuth Focusing
4.3.6 Performance Analysis and the Changing TEC Boundaries
4.3.6.1 Requirements for Absolute TEC
4.3.6.2 Requirements for the Changing Rates of TEC
4.3.7 Simulations
4.3.7.1 TSV TEC Data
4.3.7.2 Point Target
4.3.7.3 Area Target
4.4 Ionospheric Scintillation Influences
4.4.1 Characteristics and Modelling Ionospheric Scintillation in GEO SAR
4.4.2 GEO SAR Signal Model Considering Ionospheric Scintillation
4.4.3 Theoretical Analysis
4.4.3.1 Effects on Azimuth Resolution
4.4.3.2 Effects on Azimuth PSLR
4.4.3.3 Effects on Azimuth ISLR
4.4.3.4 Comparison with LEO SAR
4.4.4 Simulations
4.4.4.1 Configuration and Parameter Settings
4.4.4.2 Generation of Ionospheric Scintillation Signal
4.4.4.3 Theoretical Validation Simulation
4.5 Summary
Appendix 1: Derivation of the Two-Dimensional Spectrum of the GEO SAR Signal Under the Effects of Temporal-Spatial Variant Background Ionosphere
Appendix 2: Klobuchar Model and TEC Calculation
Appendix 3: Derivation of (4.64)
References
5 Ionospheric Experiment Validation and Compensation
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experiment Principle and Signal Model
5.2.1 Background Ionosphere
5.2.2 Ionospheric Scintillation
5.2.3 GEO SAR Signal Models
5.2.4 Experiment Overview
5.3 Background Ionosphere Experiment and Compensation
5.3.1 GPS Data Recording
5.3.2 Data Pre-processing
5.3.3 Experimental Data Processing
5.3.4 Result and Discussion
5.3.5 Compensation: Autofocus Methods
5.4 Ionospheric Scintillation Monitoring Experiment
5.4.1 Experimental Data Processing
5.4.2 Discussion
5.5 Ionospheric Scintillation Compensation
5.5.1 Avoidance Based on Orbit Design
5.5.1.1 Principles and Implementation
5.5.1.2 Simulation
5.5.2 Joint Amplitude-Phase Compensation Based on Minimum Entropy
5.5.2.1 Signal Modelling
5.5.2.2 Compensation Based on Minimum Entropy
5.5.2.3 Estimation Accuracy Analysis
5.5.2.4 Space-Variance Compensation Validation
5.5.2.5 Experimental Validation Based on GPS-Derived Scintillation Signal
5.6 Summary
References
6 Geosynchronous InSAR and D-InSAR
Abstract
6.1 Interferometry Basics
6.2 GEO InSAR Special Issues
6.2.1 Un-parallel Repeated Tracks of GEO InSAR
6.2.2 Squint Looking in GEO InSAR
6.3 Optimal Data Acquisition and Height Retrieval
6.3.1 OMRD Data Acquisition Method
6.3.2 GEO InSAR Height Retrieval Model
6.3.3 Simulation Verifications
6.3.3.1 Verification of OMRD Data Acquisition Method
6.3.3.2 Verification of the GEO InSAR Height Retrieval Model
6.4 GEO InSAR and D-InSAR Processing
6.4.1 SAR Interferometry
6.4.2 Differential Interferometry
6.4.3 Performance Analysis
6.4.3.1 Analysis of Decorrelation Factors
6.4.3.2 Rotation Decorrelation
6.4.4 GEO InSAR Baseline Analysis
6.4.5 Analysis of Measurement Accuracy
6.4.5.1 Elevation Measurement Accuracy
The Influence of Interferometric Phase Error
The Influence of Orbit Determination Error
Simulation
6.4.5.2 Deformation Measurement Accuracy
6.5 Summary
References
7 Three Dimensional Deformation Retrieval in GEO D-InSAR
Abstract
7.1 Limitation of 1D Deformation Measurement
7.2 State of Art of 3D Deformation Retrieval in Spaceborne SAR
7.3 Multi-angle Measuring in GEO SAR: 3D Deformation Retrieval
7.3.1 Method and Accuracy Analysis
7.3.2 Optimal Multi-angle Data Selection
7.3.3 Simulation and Discussion
7.3.3.1 Optimal Multi-angle Data Selection
7.3.3.2 3D Deformation Retrieval
7.3.3.3 Influence Analysis of Orbit and Geographical Position of Scene
7.4 Summary
References