Friction and wear characteristics of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel–tungsten alloy films
✍ Scribed by A.S.M.A. Haseeb; U. Albers; K. Bade
- Publisher
- Elsevier Science
- Year
- 2008
- Tongue
- English
- Weight
- 942 KB
- Volume
- 264
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 0043-1648
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✦ Synopsis
Electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel-tungsten alloys are being investigated as an attractive alternative to electrodeposited nickel for applications involving fabrication of micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS). Ni-W alloys are also being considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to hard chrome plating in some cases. In applications involving sliding contacts such as in micro-gears in MEMS, mould inserts, etc., tribological properties of Ni-W alloys would be of relevance. In this work, the sliding friction and wear characteristics of Ni-W alloys with different tungsten contents were investigated and compared with that of nickel film deposited from sulphamate bath commonly used in microfabrication. For wear tests, Ni-W alloy films of about 5-7 m, deposited from ammonia-citrate baths on copper substrates were employed. The alloy films possessed W contents in the range of 8.4-12.7 at.% and had an average grain size of about 20 nm. Wear tests were conducted in a pin-on-disc type tribometer under un-lubricated conditions. All the wear tests were carried out at room temperature in air with a controlled relative humidity of 50 ± 5% at a normal load and linear sliding speed of 1 N and 3 cm s -1 , respectively. Hardened steel balls were used as the counter body. Friction force was recorded online during the wear test. Wear damage on Ni and Ni-W alloy films was estimated from the width of the wear track and the wear rate of the counter body was calculated from the worn volume. Results show that Ni-W alloys have somewhat lower friction coefficient against steel counter body as compared with that of the nickel-steel pair. Addition of tungsten to nickel is also seen to result in an improvement in wear resistance. Friction and wear mechanisms operative in Ni-W alloys sliding against steel are discussed.
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