French: A Linguistic Introduction

✍ Scribed by Zsuzsanna Fagyal, Douglas Kibbee, Frederic Jenkins

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Year: 2006
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 357
• Edition: Bilingual
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

French is used on every continent, spoken not only in France but also in Belgium, Switzerland, North America, the Caribbean, Polynesia and Africa. This is a comprehensive and accessible guide to the structure of French, suitable for those with little prior knowledge of linguistics or of the French Language. It clearly introduces the language's history, phonetics (pronunciation), phonology (sound system), morpho-syntax (how words and sentences are formed), pragmatics (how speakers express meaning), and lexicology (the study of word composition and derivation) - with each chapter showing how these aspects are subject to regional and social variation. English translations are provided for all examples, and the book contains an extensive bilingual glossary of linguistic terms, and numerous exercises and essay questions in every chapter. French: A Linguistic Introduction will be welcomed by advanced language learners, and by linguists studying the structure of this important language.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 12
Tables......Page 14
Preface......Page 17
1.1 French is plural......Page 21
1.2 Prescriptivism and the idea of ‘standard’ French......Page 24
1.3 Francophonie......Page 29
1.4.1 Geographical variation......Page 30
1.4.2 Social variation......Page 33
1.5 Looking ahead......Page 35
2.1.1 Sounds, spelling, and the IPA......Page 37
2.1.2 Phonetic symbols......Page 39
2.1.4 Phonemes, minimal pairs, and allophones......Page 42
2.2.1 Oral vowels......Page 43
2.2.1.1 Laxing......Page 45
2.2.1.2 Devoicing......Page 46
2.2.1.3 Mid vowels......Page 47
2.2.1.4 Diphthongs......Page 50
2.2.1.5 Open vowels......Page 51
2.2.2.1 What is nasalization?......Page 52
2.2.2.2 Northern Metropolitan French......Page 53
2.2.2.3 Southern French and French in North America......Page 54
2.2.2.4 On the phonological status of nasal vowels......Page 55
2.2.3.1 What are glides?......Page 56
2.2.3.3 The front and back rounded glides / … / and / w /......Page 57
2.2.3.4 The palatal glide /j/......Page 58
2.3.1 Phonation types......Page 59
2.3.2 Places of articulation......Page 60
2.3.3 Manners of articulation......Page 62
2.3.3.1 Stops and fricatives......Page 63
2.3.3.2 Affricates......Page 64
2.3.3.3 Trills and approximants......Page 66
2.3.4.1 Voicing assimilation......Page 67
2.3.4.3 Other assimilatory processes......Page 69
2.3.5 Lengthening......Page 70
2.3.6 Geminates......Page 71
2.4.1.1 The internal structure of syllables......Page 72
2.4.1.2 Distributing segments in syllables......Page 74
2.4.2 From syllables to phrases......Page 75
2.4.2.2 The phonological word......Page 76
2.4.2.3 The clitic group......Page 77
2.4.2.5 At the top of the hierarchy......Page 78
2.4.3.1 Why call the schwa a schwa?......Page 79
2.4.3.3 Phrase-final schwas......Page 80
2.4.3.4 Phrase-medial schwas......Page 81
2.4.3.5 Phrase-initial schwas......Page 82
2.4.4.1 From forward syllabification to liaison......Page 83
2.4.4.2 Liaison and h-aspiré......Page 85
2.4.4.3 Liaison and syntax, morphology, and the lexicon......Page 86
2.4.4.4 Liaison without enchaınement......Page 89
2.5.2 A phonological model of French intonation......Page 90
2.5.4 Intonation......Page 93
2.6 Exercises......Page 97
3.1 Preliminaries: words and morphemes......Page 99
3.2.1 The morphology of the verb......Page 103
3.2.2 The morphology of other morpheme classes......Page 109
3.3.2 Surface and deep structures......Page 111
3.4.1 The arguments of the verb......Page 113
3.4.2 Verb types and complements......Page 115
3.4.3 Adverbials as modifiers......Page 117
3.4.4 Clauses as modifiers and complements......Page 118
3.5.1 Expanding the NP......Page 120
3.5.2 Post-head position in the NP......Page 121
3.5.3 Pre-head position in the NP......Page 123
3.5.4 ‘Determiners’......Page 126
3.6.1 Subject pronouns of êhtre......Page 128
3.6.2 Impersonal il and ce......Page 131
3.6.3 Clitic pronouns......Page 132
3.7.1 The intensifiers si, tant, and tellement......Page 135
3.7.2 Sentence and VP adverbs......Page 138
3.8.1 Negatives and their positions......Page 140
3.8.2 Meaning and scope......Page 142
3.8.3 Negatives and style......Page 145
3.9.1 Types of passive construction......Page 146
3.9.2 Tense and aspect in passives......Page 147
3.9.3 Passive verbs and their complements......Page 148
3.10.1 Yes-no questions......Page 150
3.10.2.2 Simple inversion and the complements of verbs......Page 152
3.10.2.3 Questioning the subject......Page 153
3.10.3 Questions, styles, and register......Page 154
3.11 Exercises......Page 156
4.1 Preliminaries......Page 159
4.2 Analyzing the meaning of words......Page 160
4.2.1 Semic analysis......Page 161
4.2.2 Prototypes and stereotypes......Page 164
4.3.1 Synonyms and antonyms......Page 166
4.3.2 Hierarchical relations......Page 167
4.4 Homonymy and polysemy......Page 170
4.5 Change of meaning......Page 172
4.5.2 Metonymy......Page 173
4.5.3 Synecdoche......Page 174
4.6 Word formation......Page 175
4.6.1 Derivation......Page 176
4.6.1.1 Derivation by affixation......Page 177
4.6.1.2 Deverbal nouns......Page 178
4.6.1.4 Denominal nouns......Page 181
4.6.1.5 Derivation by prefixation......Page 183
4.6.3 Conversion and reduplication......Page 184
4.7 Compounding......Page 185
4.8 Borrowing......Page 188
4.9.1 Regional variation......Page 190
4.9.2 Social variation and word games......Page 192
4.10 State intervention in French vocabulary......Page 196
4.10.1 A case study: the feminization of professional titles......Page 199
4.11 Exercises......Page 200
5.1 Preliminaries......Page 203
5.2 Referring and indexing......Page 205
5.2.1 Indexical expressions......Page 206
5.2.2 Deictic reference......Page 207
5.2.3 Other types of references......Page 208
5.3.1 The Code Model of communication......Page 210
5.3.2 Inferential models of communication......Page 212
5.3.3 The Maxims of conversation......Page 214
5.3.4 Applying the Maxims......Page 216
5.3.5 Beyond the Model Speaker......Page 219
5.4 Politeness......Page 220
5.4.1 Bald-on-record......Page 221
5.4.2 Positive politeness......Page 223
5.4.2.1 Informal tu and formal vous......Page 224
5.4.2.2 Generic tu, vous, and on......Page 225
5.4.3.1 Indirect speech acts......Page 227
5.4.3.2 Hedging and indirectness......Page 228
5.4.4 Discourse particles......Page 232
5.4.6 Politeness: in the eye of the beholder......Page 237
5.5 Exercises......Page 238
6.1 Preliminaries......Page 240
6.2 Latin and the linguistic prehistory of French......Page 241
6.2.1.1 Vowels......Page 242
6.2.1.2 Consonants......Page 243
6.2.2.1 The morphology of nouns......Page 247
6.2.2.2 The morphology of adjectives......Page 251
6.2.2.3 Personal, demonstrative, and relative pronouns......Page 252
6.2.2.4 The morphology of verbs......Page 253
6.2.2.5 Syntax and word order......Page 255
6.2.3 Vocabulary from Latin to Early Old French......Page 260
6.2.3.1 Non-Latin elements in the vocabulary of Latin......Page 261
6.2.3.2 Adverb formation......Page 262
6.2.4.1 Forms of address......Page 265
6.2.5 Summary......Page 266
6.3 Old and Middle French......Page 267
6.3.1.1 Vowels......Page 269
6.3.1.2 Consonants......Page 272
6.3.2.1 Nouns and adjectives......Page 275
6.3.2.2 The syntax of the noun phrase......Page 276
6.3.2.3 Word order......Page 280
6.3.2.4 Negation......Page 281
6.3.3 Vocabulary in Old and Middle French......Page 286
6.3.4 Pragmatic aspects of language use in Old and Middle French......Page 287
6.4 French in the modern world......Page 289
6.4.1 Phonology in Classical and Modern French......Page 292
6.4.1.1 Vowels......Page 293
6.4.1.2 Consonants......Page 295
6.4.2.1 Future stems and auxiliary selection: être ou avoir?......Page 297
6.4.2.2 Types of interrogative and ne deletion......Page 299
6.4.3 Vocabulary in Classical and Modern French......Page 303
6.5 Conclusions......Page 309
6.6 Exercises......Page 310
Glossary......Page 313
References......Page 332
Name index......Page 348
Subject index......Page 352

✦ Subjects

Языки и языкознание;Лингвистика;Романское языкознание;