German: A Linguistic Introduction

✍ Scribed by Sarah M. B. Fagan

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 333
• Series: Linguistic Introductions
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Standard German is spoken by approximately 95 million people worldwide. This book provides an introduction to the linguistic structure of standard German that is rich in descriptive detail and grounded in modern linguistic theory. It describes the main linguistic features: the sounds, structure and formation of words, structure of sentences, and meaning of words and sentences. It surveys the history of the language, the major dialects, German in Austria and Switzerland, as well as sociolinguistic issues such as style, language and gender, youth language, and English influence on German. Prior knowledge of German is not required, as glosses and translations of the German examples are provided. Each chapter includes exercises designed to give the reader practical experience in analyzing the language. It is an essential learning tool for undergraduate and graduate students in German and linguistics.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 11
Tables......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
Abbreviations......Page 15
2 Objectives......Page 17
3 Organization......Page 18
Notes......Page 19
1.1.1 Introduction......Page 20
1.1.2 The vowel sounds of German......Page 22
1.1.3 The consonant sounds of German......Page 26
1.2.1 Introduction......Page 30
1.2.2 The vowel phonemes of German......Page 33
1.2.3 The consonant phonemes of German......Page 34
1.2.4.1 Vowel Shortening......Page 36
1.2.4.2 Voicing Assimilation......Page 37
1.2.4.3 Fortition......Page 38
1.2.4.4 Aspiration......Page 39
1.2.4.5 Fricative Devoicing......Page 40
1.2.4.6 Velar Fricative Assimilation......Page 41
1.2.4.7 Velar Spirantization......Page 43
1.2.4.8 Glottal Stop Insertion......Page 44
1.2.4.9 Schwa Deletion......Page 45
1.2.4.10 r-Vocalization......Page 46
1.2.5.1 Syllable structure......Page 48
1.2.5.2 Onsets......Page 50
1.2.5.3 Codas......Page 52
1.2.6.1 Word stress......Page 54
1.2.6.1.1 Simplex words......Page 55
1.2.6.1.2 Complex words......Page 56
1.2.6.1.3 Compound words......Page 58
1.2.6.2 Sentence stress......Page 59
1.2.7 Intonation......Page 60
Exercises......Page 62
Notes......Page 63
2.1 Introduction......Page 70
2.2 Inflection......Page 72
2.2.1.1 Gender......Page 73
2.2.1.2 Number......Page 74
2.2.1.3 Case......Page 78
2.2.2.1.1 Definite articles......Page 79
2.2.2.1.2 Demonstratives......Page 80
2.2.2.1.3 Indefinite articles......Page 81
2.2.2.2.1 Personal pronouns......Page 82
2.2.2.2.2 Relative pronouns......Page 84
2.2.2.2.3 Pronominal use of determiners......Page 85
2.2.3 The inflection of adjectives......Page 86
2.2.3.2 Prenominal inflection......Page 87
2.2.4 The inflection of verbs......Page 91
2.2.4.2 Tense......Page 92
2.2.4.2.1 The present tense......Page 93
2.2.4.2.2 The past tense......Page 95
2.2.4.3 Mood......Page 97
2.2.4.3.1 The subjunctive......Page 98
2.2.4.3.2 The imperative......Page 102
2.2.4.4 Non-finite verb forms......Page 103
2.3 Derivation......Page 105
2.3.1.1 Nominal and adjectival prefixation......Page 106
2.3.1.2 Verbal prefixation......Page 107
2.3.2.1 Nominal and adjectival suffixation......Page 109
2.3.3 Circumfixation......Page 111
2.3.4 Conversion......Page 112
2.3.5 Implicit derivation......Page 113
2.4 Compounding......Page 114
2.4.2 Adjectival compounds......Page 116
2.4.3 Other compounds......Page 117
2.5 Reductions......Page 118
2.5.1 A typology of reduction types......Page 119
2.5.2 Reductions in word formation......Page 120
2.5.3 Other reduction types and related word-formation processes......Page 122
Exercises......Page 123
Notes......Page 124
3.1 Introduction......Page 131
3.2.1 NP structure......Page 133
3.2.2.1 Nominative......Page 135
3.2.2.3 Dative......Page 136
3.2.2.4 Genitive......Page 137
3.3 Prepositional phrases......Page 139
3.4 Adjective phrases......Page 140
3.5 Adverb phrases......Page 141
3.6 Verb phrases......Page 142
3.7.1.1 IP and CP......Page 145
3.7.1.2 Movement rules......Page 146
3.7.2 The topological model......Page 154
3.7.3 Word order constraints and freedom......Page 155
3.7.4 Distribution of pronominal elements......Page 158
Exercises......Page 160
Notes......Page 161
4.2.1 Synonymy......Page 165
4.2.2 Antonymy......Page 166
4.2.3 Hyponymy......Page 168
4.3 Tense and aspect......Page 169
4.3.1 The present tense......Page 170
4.3.2 The past and the present perfect......Page 171
4.3.3 The future tenses......Page 174
4.3.4 The past perfect......Page 176
4.3.5 Progressive meaning......Page 177
4.4.1 Epistemic modality......Page 180
4.4.2 Root modality......Page 182
4.4.3 Evidentiality......Page 184
4.5 Thematic roles......Page 185
4.6 Voice......Page 188
4.6.1 The passive......Page 189
4.6.2 The middle......Page 191
Exercises......Page 193
Notes......Page 194
5.1.1 Proto-Indo-European......Page 197
5.1.2.2 Phonology......Page 200
5.1.2.3 Morphology and syntax......Page 202
5.2.1 Introduction......Page 203
5.2.2 Phonology......Page 204
5.2.3 Morphology and syntax......Page 207
5.3.1 Introduction......Page 210
5.3.2 Phonology......Page 211
5.3.3 Morphology and syntax......Page 213
5.4.1 Introduction......Page 215
5.4.2 Phonology......Page 217
5.4.3 Morphology and syntax......Page 219
5.5 New High German......Page 222
Exercises......Page 225
Notes......Page 226
6.1 The standard–colloquial–dialect continuum......Page 230
6.2.2 Variation in grammar......Page 232
6.3.1 Diglossia......Page 234
6.3.2.1 Pronunciation......Page 236
6.3.2.3 Morphology......Page 238
6.3.2.4 Vocabulary......Page 239
6.4.1 Overview......Page 240
6.4.2.1 Pronunciation......Page 241
6.4.2.2 Grammar......Page 242
6.4.2.3 Vocabulary......Page 243
6.5 German in the East and West......Page 244
6.6.1 Introduction......Page 247
6.6.2 Upper German dialects......Page 249
6.6.3 Central German dialects......Page 253
6.6.4 Low German dialects......Page 254
Exercises......Page 256
Notes......Page 257
7.1 Introduction......Page 260
7.2.2.1 Pronunciation......Page 261
7.2.2.2 Vocabulary......Page 264
7.2.2.3 Grammar......Page 265
7.3.1 A brief history......Page 268
7.3.2 The address system......Page 269
7.4.1 Equal treatment......Page 271
7.4.2.1 Splitting......Page 273
7.4.2.2 Abbreviations......Page 274
7.4.3 Legal language......Page 275
7.4.4 The print media......Page 276
7.5.1 Speakers and usage......Page 278
7.5.2.1 Lexical features......Page 279
7.5.2.2 Sentence-level and discourse features......Page 282
7.6.1 Speakers......Page 284
7.6.2 Linguistic features......Page 285
7.7.1 A brief history......Page 287
7.7.2 Recent English influence......Page 291
Exercises......Page 292
Notes......Page 294
Glossary......Page 297
References......Page 311
Index......Page 326

✦ Subjects

Языки и языкознание;Немецкий язык;