Fertility Transition in the Developing World (SpringerBriefs in Population Studies)

✍ Scribed by John Bongaarts, Dennis Hodgson

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 150
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This open access book provides an overview and analysis of the causes and consequences of the massive and highly consequential transition in reproductive behaviour that occurred in Asia, Latin America, and Africa since the mid-20th century. In the 1950s contraceptive use was rare and women typically spend most of their reproductive years bearing and rearing children. By 2020 fertility and contraceptive use in Asia and Latin America reached levels commonly observed in the developed world. Africa’s fertility is still high, but transitions have started in all countries. This monograph is the first to provide a comprehensive analysis of these trends and their determinants, covering changes in reproductive behaviour (e.g., use of contraception and abortion), preferences (e.g., desire to limit and space births) and the role of socioeconomic development (e.g., education). The role of government policies and in particular family planning programs is discussed in depth. Particular attention isgiven to provide a balanced assessment of several political and scientific controversies that have beset the field. As such this book provides an interesting read for a wide audience of undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and public health policy makers.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
1 Fertility Trends in the Developing World, 1950–2020
1.1 Background
1.2 Fertility Trends
1.3 Analytic Framework for the Determinants of Fertility
1.3.1 Path 1: Conventional Theories
1.3.2 Path 2: Revisionist Theories and Family Planning Programs
1.3.3 Path 3. Coercive Policies
References
2 Country Fertility Transition Patterns
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Data
2.3 Fertility Trends
2.4 Transition Phases
2.4.1 Pre-transition Fertility
2.4.2 Onset of Transition
2.4.3 Pace of Decline
2.4.4 The End of the Transition
2.4.5 Fertility in 2020
2.4.6 Post-Transitional Fertility
2.5 Stalled Transitions
2.6 Conclusion
Appendix: Country TFRs in 2020 (UN Population Division, 2019)
References
3 Transitions in Individual Reproductive Behavior and Preferences
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Data
3.3 Contraception and Its Impact on Fertility
3.3.1 Contraceptive Prevalence Trends
3.3.2 Contraceptive Use and Fertility: Cross-Sectional Evidence
3.3.3 Contraceptive Use and Fertility: Longitudinal Evidence
3.4 Abortion and Its Impact in Fertility
3.5 Why Contraceptive Use Rises: The Roles of Demand and Satisfaction
3.6 The Reproductive Consequences of Imperfect Birth Control
Appendix 1
References
4 Socio-Economic Determinants of Fertility
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data
4.3 Which Socio-Economic Variable is the Main Driver of Fertility Transitions?
4.4 Education and Fertility Transition Patterns
4.5 Explanations of Anomalies
References
5 Controversies Surrounding Fertility Policies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Controversies During the Pre-transition Phase, 1950–1970
5.2.1 From Transition Theory to Advocacy of Family Planning Programs
5.2.2 The Rise of a Population Control Movement
5.2.3 Fears of Famine, Failure and a Population Bomb
5.3 Controversies During the Rapid Decline Phase, 1970–2000
5.3.1 Controversy at the 1974 UN Conference on Population
5.3.2 Questions of Coercion, Reproductive Health and Reproductive Rights
5.3.3 Does Fertility Decline Promote Development? Do Family Planning Programs Promote Fertility Decline?
5.3.4 Africa and the AIDS Crisis
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Does Fertility Decline Stimulate Development?
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Age Structure Effects of Declining Fertility
6.3 The Components of Growth in GDP Per Capita
6.4 The First Demographic Dividend
6.5 The Second Demographic Dividend
6.6 Multi-sectoral Benefits from Fertility Decline
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 The Impact of Voluntary Family Planning Programs on Contraceptive Use, Fertility, and Population
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Role of Family Planning Programs in Removing Obstacles to the Use of Contraception
7.3 Program Impact on Contraceptive Use
7.3.1 Controlled Experiments
7.3.2 Natural Experiments
7.3.3 Natural Experiments: Adjusted Results
7.3.4 Regressions: Program Impact on Contraceptive Use, Demand, and Satisfaction
7.4 Program Impact on Fertility
7.4.1 Controlled Experiments
7.4.2 Natural Experiments
7.4.3 Natural Experiments: Adjusted Results
7.4.4 Regressions: Program Impact on Fertility
7.5 Program Impact on Population Trends
7.6 Critics of Family Planning Programs
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 The Developing World’s Fertility Transition: 2000–2020
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Characteristics of the Three Fertility Groups
8.3 Characteristics of Geographic Groups
8.4 The Challenges Facing the Developing World’s High Fertility Population
8.5 The Challenges Facing the Developing World’s Middle Fertility Population
8.6 The Challenges Facing the Developing World’s Low Fertility Population
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Conclusion
9.1 Introduction
9.2 What We Know Now that We Didn’t Know Back in 1950
9.3 The Benefits of the Fertility Transition
9.4 The Global Consequences of Low Fertility
References