Fault Tolerant Flight Control: A Benchmark Challenge (Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, 399)

✍ Scribed by Christopher Edwards (editor), Thomas Lombaerts (editor), Hafid Smaili (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 589
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Written by leading experts in the field, this book provides the state-of-the-art in terms of fault tolerant control applicable to civil aircraft. The book consists of five parts and includes online material.

✦ Table of Contents

Title Page
Preface
Contents
List of Contributors
Part I Surviving the Improbable: Towards Resilient Aircraft Control
Introduction
Towards More Resilient Flight Control
History of Flight Control Systems, Source: [40]
Mechanical [33], [35]
Hydro-mechanical [33], [35]
Fly-By-Wire Flight Control [33], [35], [34]
Fault Tolerant Control in Fly-By-Wire Systems, Sources: [40]
Airbus Philosophy, Sources: [22], [30]
Boeing Philosophy, Sources: [24], [42]
Short Case Study of Other Fault Tolerant Systems, Source: [24]
A Final Note on Fault Tolerance Properties Incorporated in Current Fly by Wire Flight Control Systems
Rationale of Damage Tolerant Control - Aircraft Accident Survey
American Airlines Flight AA191, Source: [27]
Japan Airlines Flight JL123, Source: [27]
United Airlines Flight UA232, Source: [27]
EL AL Cargo Flight LY1862, Source: [40]
USAir Flight 427 and United Airlines Flight 585, Sources: [4], [9], [5]
DHL Cargo Flight above Baghdad, Sources: [31], [32]
Final Note on Accident Analysis
Earlier Accomplishments in This Field, Source: [40]
Self-Repairing Flight Control System (SRFCS) Program
MD-11 Propulsion Controlled Aircraft (PCA)
NASA Intelligent Flight Control System (IFCS) F-15 Program
Research Challenges and Objectives
References
Fault Tolerant Flight Control - A Survey
Why Fault Tolerant Control?
Fault Classification
Modelling Faults
Multiplicative Faults
Additive Faults
Component Faults
Main Components in an FTC System
FTC Problem Formulation
Passive Fault Tolerant Control
Active Fault Tolerant Control
State-of-the-Art in Fault Tolerant Flight Control
Classification of Reconfigurable Control
Multiple Model Control
Control Allocation (CA)
Adaptive Feedback Linearization via Artificial Neural Network
Sliding Mode Control (SMC)
Eigenstructure Assignment (EA)
Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC)
Model Predictive Control
Model Following
Adaptive Control
Comparison of Fault Tolerant Flight Control Methods
References
Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Aeronautic and Aerospace Missions
Introduction
Fault Detection and Diagnosis Approaches
The Parity-Space Methods
Particle Filtering Approach
Nonlinear EKF Approaches
Observer-Based Approaches
Norm-Based Approaches
$H_∞$ Fault Estimation Approach
Non-linear FDD Method
Sliding Mode Observer
Application Examples
Application to ‘Oscillatory Failure Case’ (OFC)
Simulated Aircraft Model FDD
Aerospace Mission Application Examples
Robust Diagnosis for Mars Express Satellite Thruster Faults
Conclusion
References
Real-Time Identification of Aircraft Physical Models for Fault Tolerant Flight Control
Introduction
History of Aircraft Model Identification at Delft University of Technology
The Two Step Method
Decomposition of Aircraft State and Parameter Estimation
Estimation Properties
Techniques to Cope with Estimation Biases
On-Line Parameter Estimation Using Least Squares and Total Least Squares Methods
Preliminaries
Sequential Total Least Squares (Ref. [34])
Summary of TLS Method
Real-Time Identification of Aircraft Physical Model for Fault Tolerant Flight Control, [13]
Conclusions
References
Industrial Practices in Fault Tolerant Control
Introduction
Aircraft Development Process - The V-Cycle
Some ‘Golden Rules’ for Designing a Highly Dependable System
Flight Control Computer Functional Specification
System Validation and Verification
An Example of Monitoring: A380 Oscillatory Failure Case Detection
Conclusions
References
Part II RECOVER: The Benchmark Challenge
RECOVER: A Benchmark for Integrated Fault Tolerant Flight Control Evaluation
Introduction
Flight 1862 Accident Reconstruction and Simulation
Sequence of Events
Analysis of Flight 1862
Failure Mode Configuration
Flight Data Reconstruction and Simulation
GARTEUR RECOVER Benchmark
Description
Implementation
Fault Scenarios Specification
Graphical User Interface
Aircraft Visualisation
User Example
Aircraft Characteristics
GARTEUR RECOVER Benchmark Applications
Conclusion
References
Assessment Criteria as Specifications for Reconfiguring Flight Control
Introduction
Specification Modelling
General Evaluation Criteria
Test Manoeuvres for Qualification
Discussion
Appendix
References
Part III Design Methods and Benchmark Analysis
Fault Tolerant Control Using Sliding Modes with On-Line Control Allocation
Introduction
Sliding Mode Control
Sliding Mode Control and Control Allocation
Controller Design
Problem Formulation
Design Issues
Controller Design
Fault Tolerant Controller Design
Heading and Altitude Control and EPR Control Mixing
ILS Landing
Fault Tolerant Control Simulation Results
Conclusions
References
An Adaptive Fault-Tolerant FCS for a Large Transport Aircraft
Fault-Tolerant FCS
Adaptive Model-Following
The SCAS Architecture
Limitations and Practical Solutions
The Classic A/P
Numerical Validation
Future Development
Conclusions
References
Subspace Predictive Control Applied to Fault-Tolerant Control
Introduction
Architecture of the Fault-Tolerant Control System
Control Loops
Fault Isolation
Closed-Loop Subspace Predictive Control
Closed-Loop Subspace Predictor
Closed-Loop Subspace Predictor Integrated with a Predictive Control Law
SPC (Re-)configuration
Simulation Results
Trajectory Following for the Nominal Case
Trajectory Following for Elevator Lock-in-Place
Trajectory Following for Rudder Runaway
Trajectory Following for “Bijlmerramp” Condition
Discussion of the Simulation Results
Real-Time Implementation
Conclusions
References
Fault-Tolerant Control through a Synthesis of Model-Predictive Control and Non linearInversion
Introduction
Overall Control-Setup
Model Structure
Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion
Model Predictive Control
Control Allocation
Modeling and Dynamic Inversion of the Benchmark Model
Simulation Results
Reference Tracking: Stabiliser Runaway
Right Turn and Localiser Intercept
Conclusion
References
A FTC Strategy for Safe Recovery against Trimmable Horizontal Stabilizer Failure with Guaranteed Nominal Performance
Introduction
Nomenclature
Problem Statement
Model-Based FDI Schemes: Some Assumptions for an Integrated FDI/FTC Design Approach
Analysis of the FTC Loop
Some Outlines for the Design
The Case of an Observer-Based FDI Scheme
Important Issues about Stability and Performance in Faulty Situations
FM-AG16 FTC Problem
Modelling the Aircraft Dynamics
Modeling the Autoflight and FCS Systems
Design of K(s)
Nonlinear Simulation Results
Concluding Remarks
Appendix
References
Flight Control Reconfiguration Based on Online Physical Model Identification and Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion
Introduction
On Line Nonlinear Damaged Aircraft Model Identification: Two Step Method
Aircraft State Estimation
Aerodynamic Model Identification
Real Time Aerodynamic Model Identification
Application on the Boeing 747 Simulator
Trim Horizontal Stabilizer (THS) Runaway
Loss of the Vertical Tail
Feedback of Aircraft Stability and Control Effector Information to the Pilot
Trigger for Reconfiguration
Reconfiguring Control: Adaptive Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion
Autopilot Control: Assessment Criteria
Computational Load
Conclusions
Current and Future Work
References
A Combined Fault Detection, Identification and Reconfiguration System Based around Optimal Control Allocation
Background
Control Allocation
Fault Detection and Identification
Software and Hardware Testing
Introduction
Fault Tolerant Control System Overview
Sensors
Outer-Loop Controller/Autopilot
Non-linear Dynamic Inversion
Direct Control Allocation
Aerodynamic FDI
Actuator FDI
Flight Envelope Protection
Benchmark Tests
Longitudinal Control Failure Test
Lateral Control Failure Test
El-AL Case
Conclusion
References
Detection and Isolation of Actuator/Surface Faults for a Large Transport Aircraft
Introduction
Design of Least Order Scalar Output Detectors
Solving Fault Isolation Problems
Computational Aspects
Monitoring Actuator Failures
Component Level Monitoring
System Level Monitoring
Pitch Axis Fault Monitoring
Gear and Roll Axes Fault Monitoring
Summary of Achieved Results and Needs for Further Analysis
References
Appendix
Part IV Real-Time Flight Simulator Assessment
Real-Time Assessment and Piloted Evaluation of Fault Tolerant Flight Control Designs in the SIMONA Research Flight Simulator
Introduction
Evaluation Method
Experiment Design
Dependent Measures
Participants
Simulator Configuration
Procedure
Results
Conclusions
Appendix
References
Piloted Evaluation Results of a Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Based Controller Using Online Physical Model Identification
Introduction
Fly-by-Wire ANDI Control Law Design
Fly-by-Wire ANDI Control Law Evaluation
Analysis Results
FTC and Pilot Performance Analysis Results: Time Histories
Handling Qualities Analysis Results: CH Ratings
Pilot Workload Analysis Results
Conclusions
References
Model Reference Sliding Mode FTC with SIMONA Simulator Evaluation: EL AL Flight 1862 Bijlmermeer Incident Scenario
Introduction
A Model Reference Sliding Mode Control Allocation Scheme
Controller Design
Lateral Controller Design
Longitudinal Controller Design
SIMONA Implementation
SIMONA Flight Simulator Results with Experienced Pilots
SMC Controller Evaluation
Conclusions
References
Part V Conclusions
Industrial Review
Introduction
Considerations for Commercial Aircraft - AIRBUS
Industrial Limitations and Constraints
An Aircraft Manufacturer Perspective
Conclusion
Perspectives for Aerospace Applications - Deimos Space
Context and Significance of the FM-AG16 for Space Systems
Assessment of the Techniques and Results
Conclusion
References
Concluding Remarks
Summary of Achievements
Future Research
Appendix
Getting Started with the GARTEUR RECOVER Benchmark
Introduction
System Requirements
Installation and Initialisation
License Agreement
Model Structure
Model Architecture
GARTEUR RECOVER Benchmark Libraries
GARTEUR RECOVER Model Components
Using the GARTEUR RECOVER Benchmark
Main Menu
User Example
Aircraft and Flight Control System Specifications
SignalFormats
Contributors
References