Exclusion from Public Space

✍ Scribed by Moeckli, Daniel

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Year: 2016
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 580
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Hardly known twenty years ago, exclusion from public space has today become a standard tool of state intervention. Every year, tens of thousands of homeless individuals, drug addicts, teenagers, protesters and others are banned from parts of public space. The rise of exclusion measures is characteristic of two broader developments that have profoundly transformed public space in recent years: the privatisation of public space, and its increased control in the 'security society'. Despite the fundamental problems it raises, exclusion from public space has received hardly any attention from legal scholars. This book addresses this gap and comprehensively explores the implications that this new form of intervention has for the constitutional essentials of liberal democracy: the rule of law, fundamental rights, and democracy. To do so, it analyses legal developments in three liberal democracies that have been at the forefront of promoting exclusion measures: the United Kingdom, the United States, and Switzerland.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Half-title page......Page 3
Series page......Page 4
Title page......Page 5
Copyright page......Page 6
Summary contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 16
Abbreviations......Page 17
1 Introduction......Page 21
1.1 Exclusion from public space and its challenges to liberal democracy......Page 22
1.2.1 A constitutional analysis......Page 24
1.2.2 A comparative analysis......Page 25
1.2.3 Choice of states......Page 30
1.3 Scope of research......Page 37
1.4 Language and terminology......Page 39
1.5 Structure of the book......Page 41
2.1 The definition of ‘public space’ and related concepts......Page 44
2.1.1.2 ‘Public’......Page 45
2.1.1.3 ‘Public space’......Page 47
2.1.3 ‘Semi-public space’......Page 54
2.1.5 ‘Public sphere’......Page 55
2.2 Historical background......Page 57
2.3.1 Space of liberty......Page 59
2.3.3 Space of tolerance......Page 60
2.3.4 Space of democracy......Page 61
2.3.5 The importance of (physical) public space in the information age......Page 62
2.4 Regulation of the use of public space......Page 64
2.4.1 Switzerland......Page 65
2.4.2 United Kingdom......Page 68
2.4.3 United States......Page 70
2.5 The transformation of public space......Page 72
2.5.1 Privatisation of public space......Page 73
2.5.2 Increased control of public space in the security society......Page 81
2.5.3 Public space transformed......Page 85
2.6 Conclusion......Page 86
3.1 Historical background: the decline of banishment......Page 88
3.2 The resurgence of exclusion......Page 92
3.3 The targets of exclusion......Page 95
3.3.1 Criminal behaviour......Page 96
3.3.1.1 Convicted offenders......Page 97
3.3.1.2 Potential offenders......Page 99
3.3.2.1 Vagrancy, loitering, begging......Page 104
3.3.2.2 Sitting, lying, spitting, drinking alcohol......Page 105
3.3.2.3 Juvenile curfews......Page 106
3.3.2.4 Blanket exclusion norms......Page 108
3.3.3 Political protest......Page 115
3.3.3.1 Creation of permanent protest-free zones......Page 116
3.3.3.2 New police strategies......Page 118
3.4 A typology of exclusion measures......Page 120
3.4.1.1 Informal exclusion: urban design......Page 121
3.4.1.2 Prohibitions......Page 122
3.4.1.3 Authorisation requirements......Page 124
3.4.1.4 Court powers......Page 125
3.4.1.5 Police powers......Page 126
3.4.2 Excluded behaviour......Page 127
3.4.2.2 Complete exclusion......Page 128
3.4.3.1 Limited scope......Page 129
3.4.3.2 Unlimited scope......Page 131
3.4.4.1 Short term......Page 132
3.4.4.2 Long term......Page 133
3.5 Conclusion......Page 134
4 Rule of law......Page 137
4.1 The rule of law/Rechtsstaatsprinzip......Page 138
4.1.1 Historical background......Page 139
4.1.2 The rule of law in the United Kingdom......Page 140
4.1.3 The rule of law in the United States......Page 142
4.1.4 The Rechtsstaatsprinzip in Switzerland......Page 145
4.1.5 The rule of law in international law......Page 148
4.1.6 Common elements of the rule of law and the Rechtsstaatsprinzip......Page 149
4.1.7 Link to fundamental rights and democracy......Page 151
4.2.1 The need for legal authority......Page 153
4.2.2 Exclusion from public space based on explicit legal authority......Page 159
4.2.2.1 Switzerland......Page 160
4.2.2.2 United States......Page 162
4.2.2.3 United Kingdom......Page 163
4.2.3.1 Breach-of-the-peace powers and polizeiliche Generalklausel......Page 164
4.2.3.2 Exclusion from public space based on breach-of-the-peace powers and the polizeiliche Generalklausel......Page 169
4.3.1 In general......Page 178
4.3.2.1 Scope of application......Page 184
4.3.2.2 Available exclusion measures......Page 200
4.3.2.3 Result......Page 203
4.4.1 Circumvention of procedural safeguards......Page 204
4.4.2 Right to an effective remedy......Page 213
4.5 Conclusion......Page 217
5 Fundamental rights: liberty......Page 219
5.1 Fundamental and human rights......Page 220
5.1.1 International law......Page 222
5.1.2 United Kingdom......Page 225
5.1.3 United States......Page 226
5.1.4 Switzerland......Page 229
5.2 Scope of protection......Page 233
5.2.1.1 The guarantee of human dignity......Page 235
5.2.1.2 Exclusion from public space and human dignity......Page 236
5.2.2.1 The right to personal liberty/respect for private life......Page 237
5.2.2.2 Exclusion from public space and personal liberty/respect for private life......Page 240
5.2.3.1 The right to freedom of movement......Page 243
5.2.3.2 Exclusion from public space and freedom of movement......Page 247
5.2.4.1 The right to freedom from arbitrary detention......Page 254
5.2.4.2 Exclusion from public space and freedom from arbitrary detention......Page 255
5.2.5.1 The right to freedom of assembly......Page 259
5.2.5.2 Exclusion from public space and freedom of assembly......Page 262
5.2.6.1 The right to freedom of expression......Page 265
5.2.6.2 Exclusion from public space and freedom of expression......Page 268
5.2.7.1 The right to respect for family life......Page 270
5.2.7.2 Exclusion from public space and respect for family life......Page 271
5.2.8 Other fundamental rights......Page 272
5.2.9 Result......Page 274
5.3 Limitations......Page 275
5.3.1 Legitimate aim......Page 278
5.3.1.1 Criminal behaviour......Page 281
5.3.1.2 Anti-social behaviour......Page 283
5.3.1.3 Political protest......Page 297
5.3.2.1 The principle of proportionality as a universal criterion of constitutionality......Page 300
5.3.2.2 Proportionality of exclusion measures......Page 304
5.3.3 Result......Page 334
5.4 Conclusion......Page 337
6 Fundamental rights: equality......Page 340
6.1 The right to equality and non-discrimination......Page 341
6.1.1 Sources......Page 342
6.1.1.1 International law......Page 343
6.1.1.2 United Kingdom......Page 347
6.1.1.3 United States......Page 348
6.1.1.4 Switzerland......Page 349
6.1.2 Content......Page 351
6.1.2.1 General issues......Page 352
6.1.2.2 Difference in treatment or outcome......Page 355
6.1.2.3 Comparability......Page 356
6.1.2.4 Justification......Page 357
6.1.2.5 Intensity of review......Page 361
6.1.2.6 Evidence and proof......Page 365
6.2 Exclusion from public space and the right to equality and non-discrimination......Page 367
6.2.1 Criminal behaviour......Page 369
6.2.1.1 Unequal laws: distinctions based on citizenship and residence permit status......Page 370
6.2.1.2 Unequal enforcement: distinctions based on race, ethnic origin or religion......Page 375
6.2.2.1 Unequal laws: distinctions based on age......Page 378
6.2.2.2 Unequal enforcement: distinctions based on social status and way of life......Page 383
6.2.2.3 Unequal enforcement: distinctions based on race and ethnic origin......Page 390
6.2.3 Political protest......Page 392
6.3 Conclusion......Page 395
7 Democracy......Page 397
7.1 Democracy......Page 398
7.1.1 United Kingdom......Page 400
7.1.2 United States......Page 403
7.1.3 Switzerland......Page 405
7.1.4 International law......Page 408
7.2 The democratic legitimacy of exclusion measures......Page 410
7.3 The consequences of exclusion measures for democracy......Page 414
7.3.1 Exercise of political and civil rights in public space and democracy......Page 416
7.3.2.1 The ‘psychological conditions’ of democracy......Page 420
7.3.2.2 Exclusion measures and the ‘psychological conditions’ of democracy......Page 426
7.4 Conclusion......Page 429
8 A right (of access) to public space?......Page 432
8.1.1 Exclusion measures and the decline of public space......Page 433
8.1.2 Reaction: claims for a right to public space......Page 435
8.2 De lege lata: is there a right to public space?......Page 438
8.2.1 United Kingdom......Page 439
8.2.2 United States......Page 441
8.2.3 Switzerland......Page 442
8.2.4 Result......Page 446
8.3.1 A right of access to public space?......Page 447
8.3.2 A right to the existence of public space?......Page 454
8.4 Conclusion......Page 456
9.1 Conclusion: exclusion measures in conflict with liberal democracy......Page 457
9.2 Outlook: the importance of civic responsibility......Page 465
Bibliography......Page 469
Annex I Overview of the most important exclusion norms......Page 512
Annex II Typology of exclusion norms......Page 544
Index......Page 553