Abstract
We first constructed full stoichiometry, including cell synthesis, for glucose mixed‐acid fermentation at different initial substrate concentrations (0.8–6 g‐glucose/L) and pH conditions (final pH 4.0–8.6), based on experimentally determined electron‐equivalent balances. The fermentative bioH~2~ reactions had good electron closure (−9.8 to +12.7% for variations in glucose concentration and −3 to +2% for variations in pH), and C, H, and O errors were below 1%. From the stoichiometry, we computed the ATP yield based on known fermentation pathways. Glucose‐variation tests (final pH 4.2–5.1) gave a consistent fermentation pattern of acetate + butyrate + large H~2~, while pH significantly shifted the catabolic pattern: acetate + butyrate + large H~2~ at final pH 4.0, acetate + ethanol + modest H~2~ at final pH 6.8, and acetate + lactate + trivial H~2~ at final pH 8.6. When lactate or propionate was a dominant soluble end product, the H~2~ yield was very low, which is in agreement with the theory that reduced ferredoxin (Fd~red~) formation is required for proton reduction to H~2~. Also consistent with this hypothesis is that high H~2~ production correlated with a high ratio of butyrate to acetate. Biomass was not a dominant sink for electron equivalents in H~2~ formation, but became significant (12%) for the lowest glucose concentration (i.e., the most oligotrophic condition). The fermenting bacteria conserved energy similarly at ∼3 mol ATP/mol glucose (except 0.8 g‐glucose/L, which had ∼3.5 mol ATP/mol glucose) over a wide range of H~2~ production. The observed biomass yield did not correlate with ATP conservation; low observed biomass yields probably were caused by accelerated rates of decay or production of soluble microbial products. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 102: 749–758. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.