Environmental Management: Issues and Concerns in Developing Countries

✍ Scribed by Pradip K. Sikdar (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 391
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book deals with issues and concerns for the human environment in the developing countries incorporating natural processes and systems, pollution removal technology, energy conservation, environmental impact assessment process, economics, culture, political structure and societal equity from a management point of view. Solutions to the emerging problems of the environment need a paradigmatic shift in approach from a process based model to a socio-political-economic model. Hence environmental management should involve equality and control over use of the finite natural resources and the balance between Earth’s biocapacity and humanity’s ecological footprint. Changes such as green technologies, human population stabilization and adoption of ecologically harmonious lifestyles are absolutely essential and will require redesigning of political institutions, policies and revisiting forgotten skills of sustainable practices of environmental management. These challenges should centreon environment governance using the concepts of common property, equity and security.
This book is relevant for academics, professionals, administrators and policy makers who are concerned with various aspects of environment management and governance.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Contributors
Chapter 1: Environmental Management: Issues and Concerns
1 Introduction
2 Definitions and Concepts
3 Sustainable Development
3.1 Definition
3.2 Approaches of Sustainable Development
3.3 Key Indicators of Sustainable Development
4 Global Degradation of the Environment
4.1 Inorganic Chemicals
4.2 Organic Chemicals
4.3 Pathogenic Microorganisms
4.4 Radioactive Nuclides
5 Causes of Environmental Destruction
5.1 Contamination/Pollution
5.2 Eco-simplification
5.3 Natural Resource Consumption
6 Environmental Issues of Major Habitats
6.1 Oceans, Seas, Small Islands, Coral Reefs and Beaches
6.1.1 Issues and Problems
6.1.2 Environmental Services
6.2 Wetlands
6.2.1 Issues and Problems
6.2.2 Environmental Services
6.3 Watersheds
6.3.1 Issues and Problems
6.3.2 Environmental Services
6.4 Forests
6.4.1 Issues and Problems
6.4.2 Environmental Services
6.5 Drylands
6.5.1 Issues and Problems
6.5.2 Environmental Services
6.6 Irrigated Farming Areas
6.6.1 Issues and Problems
6.7 Industrial and Urban Concentrations
6.7.1 Issues and Problems
6.7.2 Environmental Services
7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Earth Science in Environmental Management
1 Introduction
2 Freshwater
3 Toxic Chemicals in the Environment
4 Fluoride
5 Fossil Fuel and Mining
6 Landslide
7 Volcanoes
8 Earthquakes
9 Radon Exposure
10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Ecological Footprint: Indicator of Environmental Sustainability
1 Introduction
1.1 Humanity’s Environmental Footprint
1.2 Ensuring a Sustainable Environment
2 Significance of Footprints in Environmental Management
3 Role of Ecological Footprint in Ensuring Environmental Sustainability
4 Critical Objectives Addressed by the Ecological Footprint
5 Footprint Family
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Air, Noise and Odour Pollution and Control Technologies
1 Introduction
2 Air Pollution
2.1 Particulate Matter
2.2 Gaseous Pollutants
2.2.1 Sulphur Dioxide
2.2.2 Oxides of Nitrogen
2.2.3 Non-methane Volatile Organic Compounds
2.2.4 Ozone
2.3 Air-Pollution Control
2.3.1 Policy Intervention
2.3.2 Technological Solutions
2.4 Methods and Equipment Used for Controlling Particulate Emissions
2.5 Methods and Equipment Used to Control Gaseous Pollutants
3 Noise Pollution
4 Odour Pollution
4.1 Threshold Concentration
4.2 Odour Pollution Control
References
Chapter 5: Water Pollution and Treatment Technologies
1 Introduction
1.1 Water and Sustainable Development Goals
1.2 Water Pollution
1.3 Water Treatment Technologies
2 Surface Water Treatment Technologies
2.1 Removal of Solid Impurities
2.1.1 Floatation
2.1.2 Sedimentation
2.1.3 Filtration
2.1.3.1 Pressure Driven Membrane Filtration Systems
2.1.3.2 Horizontal-flow Roughing Filtration
2.1.4 Adsorption
2.2 Removal of Pathogenic Microorganisms: Disinfection
2.2.1 Disinfection Through Chlorination
2.2.2 Disinfection Through Ozonation
2.2.3 Disinfection Through Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
3 Groundwater Contamination Treatment Technologies
3.1 Aeration
3.2 Coagulation
3.3 Flocculation
3.4 Sedimentation
3.5 Filtration
3.6 Disinfection
3.7 Specific Contaminant Removal from Groundwater
3.7.1 Iron and Manganese Removal
3.7.2 Arsenic Removal
3.7.2.1 Oxidation
3.7.2.1.1 Oxidation by Air Oxygen and Pure Oxygen
3.7.2.1.2 Oxidation by Different Chemical Agents
3.7.2.1.3 Microbial Oxidation
3.7.2.2 Coagulation-Flocculation/Co-precipitation
3.7.2.3 Adsorption
3.7.2.4 Bio-sorption
3.7.2.5 Ion Exchange
3.7.2.6 Membrane Process
3.7.2.7 Point-of-Use Technologies
3.7.2.8 Electrocoagulation
3.7.3 Fluoride Removal
3.7.3.1 Chemical Precipitation/Coagulation
3.7.3.2 Electrocoagulation (EC)
3.7.3.3 Adsorption
3.7.3.4 Ion Exchange
3.7.3.5 Membrane Technology
3.7.4 Uranium Removal
3.7.4.1 Reduction
3.7.4.2 Biological Reduction
3.7.4.3 Inhibition of Re-oxidation
3.7.4.4 Adsorption
3.7.4.5 Bio-sorption
3.7.4.6 Incorporation into Stable Mineral Phases
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Sustainable Municipal Waste Management in Indian Cities
1 Introduction
2 Growth of Urban India and its Waste
2.1 Demographic Changes
2.2 Growth of Urban Real Estate
2.3 Waste Generation and Waste Characterisation Data
2.4 Waste Generation Per Capita in Indian Cities
2.5 Characterisation of Waste
2.6 Salient Features of SWM Rules, 2016
3 Current Waste Management Status in India
3.1 Role of the Informal Sector in Waste Materials Reuse and Recycling
3.2 Waste Collection and Transport
4 Waste Disposal: Landfills
5 Challenges for Improved Waste Management in India
5.1 Implementation Strategy of Plastic Waste Management
5.2 Current Scenario of e-Waste Management in India: Issues and Strategies
6 Suggested Steps For Improved Waste Management In India
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Environmentally Sustainable Practices
1 Introduction
2 Ancient Ways of Rainwater Harvesting
2.1 Indian Perspective
2.2 Global Perspective
3 Architectural Structure
3.1 Indian Perspective
3.2 Global Perspectives
4 Regulation of Temperature and Humidity in Buildings
4.1 Indian Perspective
4.2 Global Perspective
5 Traditional Water-Cooling Systems
5.1 Indian Perspective
5.2 Global Perspective
6 Daily Livelihood Practices
6.1 Indian Perspective
6.2 Global Perspectives
7 Environmentally Sustainable Practices
7.1 Indian Perspective
7.2 Global Perspective
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Energy Conservation and Its Impact on Climate Change
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Issues
2.1 Acid Rain
2.2 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
2.3 Climate Change
3 Energy—Key Factor of Climate Change
4 Current Perspective of Climate Change
5 Illustrative Case Studies
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Issues, Dimensions and Approaches of Assessing Urban Water Security in Developing and Emerging Countries: An Inclusive Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Issues Of Urban Water Security
3 Dimensions For Quantitative Assessment Of Urban Water Security
4 Conceptualization of an Inclusive Framework to Quantify Urban Water Security
4.1 Issues of Concern for Conceptualization of the Inclusive Framework
4.2 Considering Culture as a Dimension
4.3 Water Justice and Gender
4.4 Including Governance Measurements
4.5 Achieving Sustainable UWS
4.6 The Need for New Data at City Levels
4.7 Conceptualizing the Inclusive Framework for Urban Water Security Assessment
5 Conclusions
Appendix 1: Definitions of Water Security
Appendix 2: A Summary of Key Approaches for Quantitative Assessment of Sustainability of Urban Water Systems
References
Chapter 10: Remote Sensing and GIS in Environmental Management
1 Introduction
2 Applications of Modern Satellites in Environmental Management Study
2.1 Evolution and Advances in Remote Sensing Satellites and Sensors for the Study of Environment
2.1.1 Optical Sensors
2.1.2 Active Sensors
3 Geographic Information System
4 Satellites and Sensors for Environmental Applications
5 Indian Earth Observation System (EOS)
6 Applications
6.1 Climate Change
6.1.1 Earth Observation Systems for Monitoring Climate Variables
6.1.2 Space-based Climate Change Studies
6.1.3 Glacial Retreat in Himalaya
6.1.4 Change in Polar Ice Cover
6.2 Mining Environment
6.3 Wetland and Watershed Mapping
6.4 Urban Mapping and Landuse Change Analysis
6.4.1 Urban Growth and Sprawl Analysis
6.4.2 Urban Land Surface Temperature Mapping
6.4.3 Urban Hydrology
6.5 Groundwater Investigation
6.6 Coastal and Marine Environment
6.6.1 Shoreline Mapping
6.6.2 Ocean Colour
6.7 Mapping and Spatial Modelling of Invasive Species
6.8 Disaster Management
7 Future Directions of Remote Sensing for Environmental Studies
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Environmental Disaster Management and Risk Reduction
1 Introduction
2 Disaster Vulnerability
3 Types and Effects of Environmental Disasters
3.1 Natural Disasters
3.2 Anthropogenic Disasters
3.3 Hybrid Disasters
4 Environmental Disasters in Social Context
5 Disaster Mitigation And Risk Reduction
5.1 Pre-Disaster Prediction and Risk Assessment
5.2 Disaster Response: Monitoring and Assessment
5.3 Post-Disaster Mitigation and Recovery
6 Environmental Disaster Management
6.1 The Role of Geospatial Sciences in Environmental Disaster Management
6.2 Planning and Operational Decision-Making
6.3 Building Capacities through Environmental Training and Awareness Building and Communication
7 Examples
7.1 Example 1: Brownfield Regeneration and Impact on Human Health: Developed World
7.2 Example 2: Contaminated Site Management
7.3 Example 3: Recent COVID Pandemic
8 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 12: Environmental Impact Assessment
1 Introduction
2 Important Principles in Managing an EIA
2.1 Principle 1: Focus on the Main Issue
2.2 Principle 2: Involve the Appropriate Persons and Group
2.3 Principle 3: Link Information to Decision about the Project
2.4 Principle 4: Present Clear Options for the Mitigation of Impacts and for Sound Environmental Management
2.5 Principle 5: Provide Information in a Form Useful to the Decision Makers
3 Evolution of EIA
4 EIA in Environmental Laws of Various Developing Countries
4.1 China
4.2 Philippines
4.3 Indonesia
4.4 Sri Lanka
4.5 Thailand
4.6 Pakistan
4.7 Bangladesh
4.8 Bhutan
4.9 Nepal
4.10 India
5 Problems of EIA in Developing Countries
6 The Environmental Impact Assessment Process
6.1 Screening
6.2 Preliminary Assessment
6.3 Organisation
6.4 Scoping
6.5 Consideration of Alternatives
6.6 Description of the Project/Development Action
6.7 Description of the Environmental Baseline
6.8 Identification of Key Impacts
6.9 Prediction of Impacts
6.10 Evaluation and Assessment of Significance
6.11 Mitigation
6.12 Public Consultation and Participation
6.13 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Presentation
6.14 Review
6.15 Decision-making
6.16 Post-decision Monitoring
6.17 Auditing
7 EIA Methods
7.1 Ad-hoc Method
7.2 Checklist Method
7.3 Overlay Method
7.4 Matrix Method
7.5 Network Method
7.6 Semi-quantitative Method
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Audit—Emerging Tools of Environmental Management in Businesses
1 Introduction
2 Life Cycle Assessment
2.1 Systemic Approach
2.2 Historical Evolution of LCA
2.3 LCA Methodology
2.4 LCA Case Studies
2.4.1 Case Study 1.Optimisation of an Airline’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions—Climate Change Issue
2.4.2 Case Study 2. Environmental Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) System
2.4.3 Case Studies 3 and 4. Life Cycle Assessment of the Existing and Proposed Plastic Waste Management Options in Developing Countries India and China
2.5 Benefits of LCA
2.6 Limitations of LCA
3 Environmental Audit
3.1 Evolution of Environmental Auditing
3.2 Environmental Auditing According to PDCA Cycle
3.3 Effectiveness of Environmental Audit
4 Challenges in Environmental Sustainability
References
Chapter 14: Economic Values for the Environment with Special Reference to the Contingent Valuation Method
1 Introduction
2 A Brief Overview of Different Methods of Economic Valuation of the Environment
3 CVM: Theoretical Background
4 Two Case Studies: Forestry and Drinking Water
4.1 Forestry
4.2 Drinking Water
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 15: Geopolitics in Environmental Discourse
1 Introduction
2 Environment Coming Into Prominence
3 Green Geopolitics Gathered Momentum
3.1 Climate Change
3.2 Air Pollution
3.3 Water Issues
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 16: Socio-cultural Challenges in Environmental Management: A Sociological Approach
1 Introduction
2 The Background
3 Identifying the Cause(s)
4 Where are the Social Sciences?
5 Critical Discourses
6 Power and Political Economy
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Policies and Legal Aspects of Environmental Management
1 Introduction
2 International Response to Environment and Climate Related Issues
2.1 Stockholm Conference 1972
2.2 CITES 1975
2.3 The World Heritage Convention 1975
2.4 Ramsar Convention 1971
2.5 Bonn Convention 1983
2.6 Brundtland Commission 1983
2.7 Montreal Protocol 1989
2.8 Basel Convention 1992
2.9 Earth Summit 1992
2.10 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1993
2.11 World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002
2.12 The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 2003
2.13 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2004
2.14 Nagoya Protocol, 2010
2.15 Rio+20, 2012
2.16 Paris Agreement, 2016
3 Indian Concern
3.1 Ancient Scenario (500 BC–1638 AD)
3.2 Scenario of Medieval India (1638–1800 AD)
3.3 Scenario of British India (1800–1947 AD)
3.4 Scenario after Independence
3.4.1 Environmental Policy and Acts—Pre-Stockholm Period (prior to 1972)
3.4.2 Environmental Policies and Acts—Post-Stockholm Period (After 1972)
3.4.2.1 Fifth Five-Year Plan
3.4.2.2 Sixth Five-Year Plan
3.4.2.3 Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-90)
3.4.2.4 Eighth and Ninth Five-Year Plans
3.4.2.5 Tenth Five-Year Plan
3.4.2.6 Eleventh Five-Year Plan
3.4.2.7 Twelfth Five-Year Plan
3.4.2.8 Post Twelfth Five-Year Plan
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 18: Environment and Development: Looking Towards the Future
1 Introduction
2 The Earth Summits
2.1 Kyoto Protocol
2.2 Paris Agreement
3 Reports on Environment and Development
4 Environmental Management for Sustainable Development: The Way Forward
5 Future Environmental Manager
References
Index