Effects of tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) on the activation of ERK1/2 MAP kinases and the proliferation of human mammary epithelial cells
โ Scribed by Zhi-Bo Chen; Chang Liu; Feng-Qing Chen; Shan-Yu Li; Qiao Liang; Lan-Ying Liu
- Book ID
- 116454548
- Publisher
- Elsevier Science
- Year
- 2006
- Tongue
- English
- Weight
- 575 KB
- Volume
- 22
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 1382-6689
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## Abstract ## BACKGROUND In the United States, Blacks who smoke cigarettes have a higher mean blood concentration of the nicotine metabolite cotinine than White smokers. It has not been determined whether there are racial differences in the exposure to the cigarette smoke carcinogen 4โ(methylnitr
Sufficient evidence has demonstrated that cigarette smoking is causally associated with various types of human cancers. In the United States, about 90% of deaths from lung cancer among men and 79% of those among women are associated with smoking. Tobacco-specific nitrosamines are formed from nicotin