Abstract
The use of surrogate end‐point biomarkers could help in the development of chemopreventive agents. To define potential surrogate end‐point biomarkers, the ability of budesonide to decrease mRNA expression of the insulin‐like growth factor‐2 (Igf‐II) and c‐myc genes and to cause the remethylation of the genes was investigated in lung tumors. Lung tumors were induced in female strain A mice by administering i.p. 16 mg/kg vinyl carbamate for 2 consecutive wk or by a single dose of 100 mg/kg benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Thirty‐four weeks later, the mice given vinyl carbamate received budesonide (0.6 or 2.4 mg/kg diet) for 7 d and then were killed. Mice were killed 24 wk after administration of B[a]P. The mRNA expression of the Igf‐II and c‐myc genes was increased in lung tumors relative to normal lung tissue. Budesonide decreased mRNA expression of both genes in tumors. The methylation status of 27 CpG sites in the differentially methylated region 2 in the Igf‐II gene was determined with the bisulfite‐treated DNA‐sequencing procedure. The numbers of methylated CpG sites were 17–21 in normal lung (70.4 ± 2.6%); 0–2, and 1–2 in lung tumors induced by vinyl carbamate and B[a]P (4.9 ± 1.2% and 4.6 ± 1.2%, respectively); and 4–5 or 7–16 in tumors after treatment with 0.6 or 2.4 mg/kg budesonide (16.0 ± 1.2% and 46.2 ± 5.1%, respectively). Thus, lung tumors had strikingly less methylated CpG sites than normal lung tissue, while even limited treatment with budesonide resulted in remethylation of the CpG sites in tumors. With HpaII digestion followed by Southern blot analysis, the internal cytosine of CCGG sites in the c‐myc gene was found to be methylated in normal lung tissue, whereas some of the sites were unmethylated in lung tumors. Treatment for 7 d with budesonide resulted in the remethylation of these sites. In conclusion, mouse lung tumors showed decreased methylation of the Igf‐II and c‐myc genes that was associated with increased expression of these genes. Budesonide treatment caused remethylation and decreased expression of both genes. The results support the possibility of using decreased mRNA expression and remethylation of the Igf‐II and c‐myc genes as biomarkers for the efficacy of budesonide. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.