Critical Praise for Design Science Research Book......Page 5
Foreword......Page 8
Foreword......Page 10
Purpose and Motivation of This Book......Page 12
Intended Audience......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 14
Contents......Page 15
Contributors......Page 23
About the Authors......Page 24
1.1 What Is Design? Different Perspectives......Page 26
1.2 What Is Research?......Page 27
1.3 Is Design a Science?......Page 28
1.5 Placing DSR in Context......Page 30
1.6 The Spectrum of IS DSR......Page 31
1.7 Difference Between Routine Design Practice and DSR......Page 32
References......Page 33
2.1 Information Systems Research......Page 34
2.2 Summary of Hevner, March, Park, and Ram 2004 MISQ Paper......Page 35
2.3 Impacts of 2004 MISQ Paper on Design Science Research......Page 38
2.4 Extending the Reach of Design Science Research in IS......Page 39
2.4.2 Design as Research vs. Researching Design......Page 40
2.4.3 Design Science Research Cycles......Page 41
2.4.3.2 The Rigor Cycle......Page 42
2.4.3.3 The Design Cycle......Page 43
2.4.5 Publication of Design Science Research......Page 44
References......Page 46
3.1 Understanding the Natural and Artificial Worlds......Page 48
3.2 Toward a Theory of Complex Systems......Page 49
3.3 Systems Development in Information Systems Research......Page 50
3.4 The General Design Cycle......Page 51
3.5 Action Research Framework......Page 52
3.6 The Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM)......Page 53
References......Page 56
4.1 What Is Theory?......Page 57
4.2.1 Observation......Page 58
4.2.3 Defining Relationships......Page 59
4.3 Transition to Normative Theory......Page 60
4.4 Taxonomy of Theory Types in Information Systems......Page 61
4.5 Is Design Theory Possible?......Page 62
4.5.1 Information Systems Design Theory......Page 63
4.5.2 Hooker's View on Design Theory......Page 64
4.5.3 Toward the Anatomy of an IS Design Theory......Page 65
References......Page 66
5.1 Introduction......Page 67
5.2 Thesis 1: IS Is an Applied or Practical Discipline......Page 68
5.3 Thesis 2: Prescriptive Research Is an Essential Part of IS as an Applied or Practical Discipline......Page 69
5.4 Thesis 3: The Design Science Activity of Building IT Artifacts Is an Important Part of Prescriptive Research in Information Systems......Page 71
5.5 Thesis 4: The Primary Interest of IS Lies in IT Applications, and Therefore IS as a Design Science Should Be Based on a Sound Ontology of IT Artifacts and Especially of IT Applications......Page 72
5.6 Thesis 5: IS as a Design Science Builds IT Meta-artifacts That Support the Development of Concrete IT Applications......Page 73
5.7 Thesis 6: Prescriptive Knowledge of IT Artifacts Forms a Knowledge Area of Its Own and Cannot Be Reduced to the Descriptive Knowledge of Theories and Empirical Regularities......Page 74
5.8 Thesis 7: The Resulting IT Meta-artifacts Essentially Entail Design Product and Design Process Knowledge......Page 75
5.9 Thesis 8: The Term Design Theory Should Be Used Only When It Is Based on a Sound Kernel Theory......Page 76
5.10 Thesis 9: Constructive Research Methods Should Make the Process of Building IT Meta-artifacts Disciplined, Rigorous, and Transparent......Page 77
5.11 Thesis 10: Explication of the Practical Problems to Be Solved, the Existing Artifacts to Be Improved, the Analogies and Metaphors to Be Used, and/or the Kernel Theories to Be Applied Is Significant in Making the Building Process Disciplined, Rigorous, and Transparent......Page 79
5.12 Thesis 11: IS as a Design Science Cannot Be Value-Free, but It May Reflect Means-End, Interpretive, or Critical Orientation......Page 81
5.14 Conclusions and Final Comments......Page 82
References......Page 84
6.1 Science of Design Challenges......Page 87
6.2 Software-Intensive Systems......Page 89
6.3 Science of Design Principles......Page 90
6.4 Categories of Software-Intensive Systems Principles......Page 92
6.5 A Proposed Research Vision......Page 93
6.6.1 Software Design Theories......Page 94
6.6.2 Dynamic System Theories......Page 95
6.7 SIS Engineering Activities......Page 96
6.8 SIS Research Project Framework......Page 98
6.9 Intellectual Drivers for Science of Design in SIS Research......Page 99
References......Page 100
7 People and Design......Page 102
7.1 Designing for Consumers......Page 103
7.2 Practice of Ethnography in Design......Page 104
7.4 Designing for Scale Google and People......Page 106
References......Page 109
8.1 A Software Design Framework......Page 110
8.2 Software Architecture......Page 111
8.2.3 Online, Real-Time Architectures......Page 112
8.2.4 Distributed, Client--Server Architectures......Page 113
8.2.5 Component-Based Architectures......Page 114
8.3 Algorithmic Design......Page 115
8.3.2 Structured Program Design......Page 116
8.3.4 Widely Used Programming Languages......Page 117
8.4.2 Computerized File Management......Page 118
8.4.3 Online Data Processing......Page 119
8.4.5 Current Trends in Data Management......Page 120
8.5.2 Text-Based Command Interfaces......Page 121
8.5.4 Current Trends in HCI......Page 122
8.6 Software Development Processes and Methods......Page 123
8.6.1 Software Development Processes......Page 124
8.6.3 Object-Oriented Methods......Page 125
8.6.5 Component-Based Development (CBD) Methods......Page 126
8.6.7 Controlled-Flexible Development Methods......Page 127
References......Page 128
9.1 What Is Evaluation?......Page 131
9.2 Why Do We Perform Evaluations?......Page 132
9.3 Differing Perspectives of Stakeholders......Page 133
9.4 Basic Structure of Evaluation Studies......Page 134
9.5 The Art of Performance Evaluation......Page 135
9.7 Conducting an Objectivist Comparative Study A Brief Example......Page 137
9.8 Threats to Inference and Validity......Page 140
References......Page 141
10.1 Introduction......Page 142
10.2 Research Focus Groups......Page 143
10.3.1 Formulate Research Question or Problem......Page 145
10.3.3 Number of Focus Groups......Page 147
10.3.5 Participant Recruitment......Page 148
10.3.7 Develop and Pre-test a Questioning Route......Page 149
10.3.9 Analyze and Interpret Data......Page 150
10.4 A Design Research Example......Page 151
10.4.2 Data Quality Metrics Description......Page 152
10.4.4 Identify Sample Frame......Page 154
10.4.7 Recruit Participants......Page 155
10.4.8 Conduct Focus Groups......Page 156
10.4.9.1 Template Analysis......Page 158
10.4.10 Report Results......Page 159
10.5 Limitations on the Use of Focus Groups for Design Research......Page 160
10.6 Closing Remarks......Page 161
References......Page 162
11.1 Creativity What Is It?......Page 165
11.2 Group Creativity......Page 167
11.3 Conceptual Blockbusting Theory......Page 168
11.5 Creativity, Design, and IT......Page 170
11.6 Creativity and Design in the Age of Virtual Worlds......Page 172
11.7 Designing Virtual Worlds......Page 173
11.8 Conclusion......Page 174
References......Page 175
12.1 Problem Statement......Page 177
12.2 Concept......Page 179
12.4 Knowledge Packet Generator......Page 182
12.5 Barriers......Page 184
12.6 Value Accelerators......Page 185
12.8 Evaluation Methodology: SME Model Instantiation Comparisons......Page 187
12.9 Results......Page 189
12.10 Contribution to Research......Page 194
12.11 Conclusion......Page 195
References......Page 196
13.1 Introduction......Page 198
13.2.1 Design Research......Page 199
13.2.2 Action Research......Page 201
13.3.1 Applying Action Research Criteria to a Design Research Exemplar......Page 202
13.3.1.3 Criterion 3: The Principle of Theory......Page 203
13.3.1.4 Criterion 4: The Principle of Change Through Action......Page 204
13.3.1.5 Criterion 5: The Principle of Learning Through Reflection......Page 205
13.3.2.3 Criterion 3: Design Evaluation......Page 206
13.3.2.6 Criterion 6: Design as a Search Process......Page 207
13.4 A Way Forward......Page 208
13.4.1 Adding ''Reflection'' to Augment Learning from Design Research......Page 209
13.4.3 Envisioning an Integrated Research Process......Page 210
13.5 Conclusions......Page 211
References......Page 212
14.1 Introduction......Page 214
14.2 Design Concepts......Page 217
14.3 Design Science Research in Organizational Studies......Page 219
14.4 Conclusions......Page 223
References......Page 224
15 Design Science Research in Information Systems: A Critical Realist Approach......Page 228
15.1 Introduction......Page 229
15.2 Why an Alternative Information Systems Design Science Research Approach?......Page 230
15.3 Critical Realism......Page 233
15.4.1 For Whom Should IS Design Science Research Produce Knowledge?......Page 236
15.4.2 What Types of IS Design Knowledge Should IS Design Research Produce?......Page 237
15.4.3 Developing IS Design Knowledge......Page 240
15.4.3.3 Research Activity: Propose/Refine Design Theory......Page 241
15.4.3.4 Research Activity: Test Design Theory......Page 242
15.4.5.2 Review (Kernel) Theories and Previous Research......Page 243
15.4.5.4 Test Design Theory......Page 244
15.4.6.2 Review (Kernel) Theories and Previous Research......Page 245
15.4.7.1 Identify Problems and Desired Outcomes......Page 246
15.4.7.4 Test Design Theory......Page 247
References......Page 248
16.1 Introduction......Page 253
16.2 Service Versus Digital Service......Page 255
16.3 Research Objectives......Page 256
16.5 Grounding of the Taxonomy......Page 258
16.6 Fundamental Design Dimensions......Page 259
16.6.1 Service Delivery......Page 260
16.6.2 Service Maturity......Page 261
16.6.3 Malleability......Page 262
16.6.4 Pricing and Funding......Page 263
16.7.1 Business Objective......Page 265
16.7.3 Interaction Objectives......Page 266
16.8 Summary of the Taxonomy......Page 267
16.9.1 Salesforce.com......Page 268
16.10 Future Research Considerations......Page 269
References......Page 270
17.1 Academic Route Conference and Journal Papers......Page 272
17.2 Funding to Support Your Design Research......Page 274
17.3 Commercializing Your Ideas via Start-Ups......Page 275
References......Page 276
18.1 Introduction......Page 277
18.3 Trend 2: Growing Number of Scholars Will Research Design......Page 278
18.5.1 Health Care and IT......Page 279
18.5.2 Green Technology and Green IT......Page 280
18.5.3 Green Computing......Page 282
References......Page 283
DESIGN SCIENCE IN INFORMATION......Page 285
Introduction......Page 286
A Framework for IS Research......Page 288
Guideline 1: Design as an Artifact......Page 292
Guideline 2: Problem Relevance......Page 294
Guideline 3: Design Evaluation......Page 295
Guideline 5: Research Rigor......Page 297
Guideline 6: Design as a......Page 298
Application of the Design Science Research Guidelines......Page 300
The Design and Implementation......Page 301
Design Evaluation......Page 302
Problem Relevance......Page 303
Design Evaluation......Page 304
Problem Relevance......Page 305
Design as an Artifact......Page 306
Research Communication......Page 307
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 308
References......Page 310
About the Authors......Page 315
Appendix B Exemplar Publications of Design ScienceResearch in Information Systems......Page 316
Contributors......Page 320
Index......Page 324