Dendritic cell interactions with bacteria

✍ Scribed by Maria Rescigno

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Year: 2007
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 272
• Series: Advances in molecular and cellular microbiology 14
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Emerging evidence suggests that dendritic cells play a major role in the orchestration of the immune response to bacteria. This volume introduces the reader to the complex world of dendritic cells and describes how the intimate interplay between dendritic cells, bacteria and the environment dictates either the induction of immunity or tolerance to the encountered microorganisms. It discusses how this can allow organisms to tolerate beneficial bacteria and to react against pathogens, as well as the strategies pathogenic bacteria have evolved to escape dendritic cell patrolling. Expert contributors discuss everything from bacterial capture and recognition to their killing, processing and the induction of adaptive immunity. Particular focus is on the tissue context in which bacteria are handled by dendritic cells and on possible defects therein, which may potentially lead to chronic infection or inflammation. Graduate students and researchers will find this an invaluable overview of current dendritic cell biology research.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Abbreviations......Page 15
Contributors......Page 19
PART I Dendritic cells and their role in immunity......Page 23
1.1 DENDRITIC CELL SUBPOPULATIONS......Page 25
1.1.1 Lymphoid organ-restricted cDCs......Page 29
CD8+ DCs......Page 31
CD8- DCs......Page 32
CD11b- DCs......Page 33
1.1.2 Migrating cDCs......Page 34
1.1.3 Plasmacytoid DCs......Page 39
1.2 DENDRITIC CELL DIFFERENTIATION......Page 40
1.2.1 Myeloid and lymphoid DC differentiation pathways......Page 41
1.2.2 Control of DC differentiation......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 45
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 53
2.2 TLR SIGNALING AND TIR DOMAIN-CONTAINING ADAPTOR MOLECULES......Page 54
2.3 MyD88-DEPENDENT SIGNALING: A COMMON PATHWAY FOR MOST TLRs FOR THE INDUCTION OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES......Page 56
2.4 TRIF-DEPENDENT PATHWAY: CONNECTING TLR SIGNALING TO TYPE I IFNS......Page 58
2.5 TLR7, 9 SIGNALING IN PLASMACYTOID DCs INDUCES PRODUCTION OF TYPE I IFNs......Page 60
2.6 INTRACELLULAR RECOGNITION OF PATHOGENS......Page 62
2.7 DISTURBANCE OF TLR SIGNALING BY PATHOGENS......Page 64
2.8 PERSPECTIVES......Page 65
REFERENCES......Page 66
3.1 DENDRITIC CELLS PRIME ANTI-BACTERIAL CD4+ AND CD8+ T CELLS IN VIVO......Page 77
Basic mechanisms of the cytosolic pathway (Figure 3.1)......Page 78
Bacterial antigens secreted by live, cytosol-invading bacteria enter the cytosolic pathway......Page 79
Do nonsecreted antigens enter the cytosolic pathway?......Page 81
A non-cytosolic pathway for vacuolar bacteria......Page 82
Do MHC class I traffic through the endocytic system in DCs?......Page 83
How exogenous antigens transit from bacterial vacuoles to the cytosol?......Page 84
What is the impact of ER recruitment to the proteasome- and TAP-dependent pathway?......Page 86
How do peptide-MHC class I complexes loaded in phago-ER-some reach cell surface?......Page 87
ER recruitment to bacterial vacuoles: a role in cross presentation?......Page 88
3.3.1 The endo-lysosomal pathway for MHC class II presentation......Page 89
3.3.2 Cytosol derived antigens can access the MHC class II pathway......Page 91
But how is the connection between the exocytic and the endocytic pathways achieved?......Page 92
DCs are permissive to infection by low virulent bacterias......Page 93
Bacterial inhibition of phagolysosomal function and antigen presentation in macrophages and DCs......Page 94
Constrained survival of virulent bacteria in DCs and the presentation of bacterial antigens......Page 95
3.5 BACTERIA-INDUCED APOPTOSIS AND CROSS PRESENTATION OF BACTERIAL ANTIGENS......Page 96
3.6 CONCLUSION: BACTERIAL COMPARTMENTALIZATION AND MHC PRESENTATION PATHWAYS......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 99
PART II Dendritic cells and innate immune responses to bacteria......Page 105
4.2 THE ANATOMY OF THE INTESTINAL MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM AND THE GUT ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE (GALT)......Page 107
4.3 BACTERIAL UPTAKE IN THE GUT AND MUCOSAL DC SUBPOPULATIONS......Page 108
4.4 HANDLING OF BACTERIA BY EPITHELIAL CELLS CAN INFLUENCE THE INDUCTION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 111
4.5 UNIQUE FUNCTIONS OF MUCOSAL DCs......Page 112
4.6 THE CROSS-TALK BETWEEN ECs AND DCs HELPS REGULATING THE INDUCTION OF MUCOSAL IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 114
REFERENCES......Page 117
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 125
5.2 PATHOGENESIS OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES......Page 127
5.3 KEY MEDIATORS OF INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO L. MONOCYTOGENES......Page 128
5.4 ROLE OF MYELOID CELLS......Page 129
5.5 TipDCs IN THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO L. MONOCYTOGENES......Page 130
5.6 DENDRITIC CELL INTERACTION WITH L. MONOCYTOGENES......Page 132
5.7 IN VIVO FUNCTION OF DENDRITIC CELLS......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 136
CHAPTER 6 Interactions between natural killer and dendritic cells during bacterial infections......Page 145
6.1 NK CELLS EVOLVED TO COOPERATIVE WITH THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY......Page 146
6.2 CYTOTOXIC NK CELLS AND CYTOKINE SECRETING NK CELLS......Page 147
6.3 NK CELLS IN BLOOD AND IN SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS......Page 148
6.4 DENDRITIC CELLS AS EARLY ACTIVATORS OF NK CELL FUNCTIONS......Page 149
6.5 EFFECT OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS ON DC/NK CELL INTERACTIONS......Page 150
6.5.2 Effectiveness of BCG and E. coli in inducing an activated NK cell phenotype......Page 151
6.5.3 DC editing by NK cells activated by DCs and bacteria......Page 152
6.5.4 The resistance of infected DCs to NK-mediated cytotoxicity is due to the upregulation of HLA class I molecules......Page 153
6.6.1 DC/NK cell cross-talk at sites of bacterial invasion......Page 154
6.6.2 DCs infected by bacteria activate and induce maturation of NK cells in secondary lymphoid organs......Page 155
6.7 ROLES FOR NK CELLS IN DC-MEDIATED T CELL POLARIZATION......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 158
PART III Dendritic cells and adaptive immune responses to bacteria......Page 165
7.1 L.PNEUMOPHILA AND LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE......Page 167
7.2 LEGIONELLA REPLICATES IN A SPECIALIZED VACUOLE DERIVED FROM THE HOST ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM......Page 168
7.3 THE BIRC1E PROTEIN MEDIATES HOST RESISTANCE TO LEGIONELLA......Page 169
7.4 INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO LEGIONELLA BY TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS......Page 170
7.6 ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO LEGIONELLA INFECTION......Page 171
7.7 RESTRICTION OF LEGIONELLA GROWTH IN ACTIVATED MACROPHAGES......Page 172
7.8 LEGIONELLA GROWTH RESTRICTION BY MURINE DENDRITIC CELLS......Page 174
7.9 PRESENTATION OF LEGIONELLA ANTIGENS BY INFECTED DENDRITIC CELLS......Page 175
7.10 FUTURE QUESTIONS IN LEGIONELLA IMMUNITY......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 179
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 185
8.2 SALMONELLA INFECTION AND SURVIVAL IN HOST CELLS......Page 186
8.3 PROCESSING OF SALMONELLA FOR DIRECT PRESENTATION ON MHC-I BY INFECTED DCs......Page 187
8.4 MODULATING OF ANTIGEN PRESENTATION BY SALMONELLA......Page 188
8.5 DENDRITIC CELLS AS BYSTANDER ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS......Page 190
REFERENCES......Page 192
PART IV Dendritic cells and immune evasion of bacteria in vivo......Page 197
9.2 BACTERIAL RECEPTORS ON ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS......Page 199
9.3 PATHOGENS ARE RECOGNIZED BY COMBINATIONS OF RECEPTORS......Page 201
9.4 BACTERIA CAN USE TLR TO EVADE IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 202
9.6 CROSS-TALK BETWEEN CLR AND TLR CAN RESULT IN IMMUNE SUPPRESSION......Page 205
9.7 CROSS-TALK BETWEEN CLR AND TLR CAN RESULT IN IMMUNE ACTIVATION......Page 208
9.8 OTHER EXAMPLES OF CROSS-TALK BETWEEN PATHOGEN RECEPTORS......Page 209
9.9 CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 211
10.1.1 Innate immunity to bacteria......Page 219
10.1.2 Adaptive immunity to bacteria......Page 220
10.2 T CELL ANERGY OR SUPPRESSION INDUCED BY BACTERIA AND THEIR PRODUCTS......Page 221
10.3 MODULATION OF DC CYTOKINE PRODUCTION BY BACTERIA AND BACTERIAL MOLECULES......Page 224
10.3.1 Suppression of IL-12 and TNF-alpha......Page 225
10.3.2 Induction of IL-10 and TGF-beta......Page 227
10.4 INFLUENCE OF BACTERIA AND BACTERIAL MOLECULES ON DC MATURATION......Page 230
10.5.1 Natural and inducible regulatory T cells......Page 232
10.5.2 Treg cells induced by bacteria modulated DC......Page 233
10.6 ROLE OF INDUCIBLE AND NATURAL TREG CELLS IN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS......Page 235
10.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 238
11.1 DENDRITIC CELLS IN THE INTESTINAL IMMUNE SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW......Page 249
11.1.2 Routes of antigen uptake in the mucosal immune system......Page 251
11.2.1 Dendritic cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of colitis......Page 253
11.2.2 Dendritic cells polarize T helper cell responses leading to Crohn's disease......Page 254
11.3 A ROLE FOR LOCAL DENDRITIC CELLS IN THE PREDISPOSITION OF THE TERMINAL ILEUM FOR COLITIS......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 261
Index......Page 269