Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes: Techniques of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) for Development of Membrane Technology

✍ Scribed by Angelo Basile, Kamran Ghasemzadeh

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 403
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes: Techniques of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) for Development of Membrane Technology provides updates on new progress in membrane processes due to various challenges and how many industrial companies and academic centers are carrying out these processes.  Chapters help readers understand techniques of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) for the development of membrane technology, including an introduction to the technologies, their applications, and the advantages/disadvantages of CFD modeling of various membrane processes. In addition, the book compares these modeling methods with other traditional separation systems and covers fouling and concentration polarization problems.

The book is a key reference for R&D managers interested in the development of membrane technologies as well as academic researchers and postgraduate students working in the wider areas of strategic treatments, separation and purification processes.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Introduction on principle of computational fluid dynamics
1.1 What is computational fluid dynamics?
1.2 Applications of computational fluid dynamics
1.3 Main stages of computational fluid dynamics modeling
1.4 Solution algorithms in computational fluid dynamics
1.5 Commercial and noncommercial software for computational fluid dynamics
1.6 Features of computational fluid dynamics schemes
1.6.1 Order of accuracy
1.6.1.1 Main categories for an finite difference scheme
1.6.2 Consistency
1.6.3 Stability
1.6.4 Convergence
1.7 Stability analysis
1.7.1 Matrix method
1.7.2 Fourier (von Neumann) analysis
1.8 Temporal discretization
1.9 Initial and boundary conditions
1.9.1 Physical boundary conditions
1.9.2 Numerical boundary conditions
1.9.3 Number of physical and numerical boundary conditions at a boundary
1.10 Governing equations in the general coordinate system
1.11 Finite volume method
1.11.1 Discretization in finite volume method
1.11.2 Properties of finite volume schemes
1.11.2.1 Conservativeness
1.11.2.2 Boundedness
1.11.2.3 Transportiveness
1.11.3 Mesh (grid) generation in finite volume method
1.11.3.1 Structured mesh
1.11.3.2 Unstructured mesh
1.11.3.3 Hybrid mesh
1.12 Finite element method
1.12.1 Preliminary
1.12.2 Residual minimization methods
1.12.2.1 Collocation method
1.12.2.2 Subdomain method
1.12.2.3 Galerkin method
1.12.3 Convergence in finite element method
1.12.3.1 h-refinement
1.12.3.2 p-refinement
1.13 Solution of systems of linear equations
1.13.1 Direct solvers
1.13.2 Indirect solvers
1.14 Conclusions and future trends
List of abbreviations
Nomenclature
Superscripts
Subscripts
References
2 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in microfiltration/ultrafiltration processes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 State of art
2.2.1 Fouling and concentration polarization
2.2.2 Design
2.2.3 Hydrodynamics
2.3 Fundamentals of computational fluid dynamics modeling approach
2.3.1 Geometry dimensionality
2.3.2 Boundary conditions
2.3.3 Laminar or turbulence modeling
2.3.4 Multiphase flow modeling
2.3.4.1 Eulerian-Eulerian framework
2.3.4.2 Eulerian–Lagrangian framework
2.3.4.3 Interphase tracking method: volume-of-fluid (VOF) model
2.3.4.4 Interfacial forces
2.4 Conclusion and future trends
List of abbreviations
Nomenclature
Greek symbols
Subscripts
References
3 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in reverse osmosis/nanofiltration processes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Governing effects in membrane filtration processes
3.3 Governing flow model
3.4 Computational fluid dynamics model setup
3.5 Model execution and data analysis
3.6 Conclusion
List of abbreviations
Nomenclature
References
4 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in electrodialysis/reverse electrodialysis processes
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Electrodialysis/reverse electrodialysis working principle, stack design, and operating features
4.1.2 Main aspects related to flow and mass transfer
4.1.2.1 Spacers and profiled membranes
4.2 Modeling and methods
4.2.1 Governing equations and physical properties
4.2.1.1 Treatment of periodicity for unit cell simulations
4.2.2 Computational domains and boundary conditions
4.2.2.1 Impermeable wall boundary condition
4.2.3 Definitions for flow and mass transfer characterization
4.3 Results and discussion
4.3.1 Flow and mass transfer in the channels
4.3.1.1 Spacer-filled channels
4.3.1.2 Membrane profile-filled channels
4.3.2 Fluid dynamics in entire channels and manifolds
4.3.3 Multi-physical modeling
4.3.4 Direct numerical simulation of electroconvection
4.3.4.1 No forced flow
4.3.4.2 With forced flow
4.4 Conclusions and future trends
List of abbreviations
List of symbols
Latin letters
Greek letters
Subscripts
References
5 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in membrane distillation processes
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Working principle
5.1.2 Benefits and limitations
5.1.3 The role of computational fluid dynamics in membrane distillation development
5.1.4 Transport phenomena: role of heat transfer
5.2 Models and methods
5.2.1 Definitions
5.2.2 Governing equations and periodicity treatment
5.2.3 Computational domain, finite volume grids, and grid independence analysis
5.2.4 Boundary conditions
5.2.5 Treatment of turbulence
5.2.6 Symmetries with respect to the flow attack angle θ
5.3 Results and discussion
5.3.1 Validation against literature and thermochromic liquid crystals experimental results
5.3.1.1 Woven spacers—pressure drop
5.3.1.2 Woven spacers—heat transfer
5.3.1.3 Overlapped spacers—local Nusselt number distribution
5.3.2 Flow and temperature fields predicted by numerical simulations
5.3.3 Complex influence of the parameters (Re, θ, P/H, woven vs overlapped)
5.3.3.1 Influence of the Reynolds number
5.3.3.2 Influence of the flow attack angle θ
5.3.3.3 Influence of the pitch-to-height ratio
5.3.3.4 Overlapped versus woven spacers
5.3.4 Effect of the thermal boundary conditions and two-side versus one-side heat transfer
5.3.5 Difference between and Num
5.3.6 Effect of the spacer’s thermal conductivity
5.3.7 Comparison and choice of turbulence models
5.4 Conclusions and future trends
List of abbreviations
Nomenclature
Latin letters
Greek letters
Averages
References
6 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in dialysis processes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dialysis
6.3 Principles behind dialysis
6.4 Membranes used in dialysis
6.5 Different types of dialyzers
6.6 The fundamental principles of mass transfer in dialysis
6.7 Basic applications of dialysis
6.7.1 Hemodialysis (artificial kidney)
6.7.2 Blood oxygenators (artificial lungs)
6.7.3 Removal of alcohol from beer
6.8 Application of computational fluid dynamics in dialysis processes
6.8.1 Diffusion dialysis
6.8.2 Donnan dialysis
6.8.3 Neutralization dialysis and piezodialysis
6.8.4 Hemodialysis
6.9 Conclusions and trends
List of abbreviations
Nomenclature
Greek letters
References
7 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in pervaporation processes
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Pervaporation applications
7.1.2 Pervaporation driving force
7.1.3 Pervaporation membrane
7.1.3.1 Polymeric membranes
7.1.3.2 Inorganic membranes
7.1.3.3 Composite membranes
7.1.4 Pervaporation design aspects
7.1.5 Species transport mechanism in pervaporation
7.2 Computational fluid dynamics simulation
7.2.1 Governing equations
7.2.2 Simplifying assumptions
7.2.3 Boundary conditions
7.3 Concluding remarks and future trends
List of abbreviations
Nomenclature
Greek letters
References
8 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in processes of gas membrane separation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Computational fluid dynamics simulation for the membrane gas separation
8.3 Mathematical modeling
8.3.1 Modeling assumptions
3.1.1 Thermal considerations
3.1.2 Flow pattern
3.1.3 Physical parameters
3.1.4 Gas phase
3.1.5 Membrane properties
3.1.6 Reaction zone
8.3.2 Mathematical modeling equations
8.3.3 Boundary conditions
8.3.4 Spatial dimension
8.4 Numerical simulation and computational approach
8.5 Conclusion and future trend
List of abbreviations
Nomenclature
Greek letters
References
9 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in membrane contactor systems
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Literature review of the application of CFD methods in HFMC
9.3 CFD modeling of fluid flow and mass transfer in HFMC
9.3.1 Case study
9.3.2 Computational domain
9.3.3 CFD equations
9.3.3.1 Tube side equations (inside the fibers)
9.3.3.2 Membrane equations
9.3.3.3 Shell side equations
9.4 Results of experiments and CFD models
9.5 Conclusions and future trends
List of abbreviations
Nomenclature
Greek letters
Subscripts
References
10 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in membrane reactor systems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Designs of membrane reactors
10.3 Modeling of membrane reactor systems
10.3.1 Modeling based on mass balance method
10.3.1.1 Reaction zone models
10.3.1.2 Permeation zone models
10.3.1.3 Boundary conditions
10.3.2 Modeling based on artificial neural network method
10.3.3 Modeling based on computational fluid dynamic method
10.4 The computational fluid dynamic studies on membrane reactor systems
10.4.1 Computational fluid dynamic studies on gas-phase processes
10.4.2 Computational fluid dynamic studies on liquid-phase processes
10.5 Conclusion and future trends
List of abbreviations
Nomenclature
Greek letters
References
11 Application of computational fluid dynamics technique in membrane bioreactor systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Design of the membrane bioreactor
11.2.1 Aerobic membrane bioreactor and anaerobic membrane bioreactor
11.2.2 Submerged and sidestream membrane bioreactor
11.2.2.1 Submerged/internal membrane bioreactor
11.2.2.2 Sidestream membrane bioreactor
11.2.3 Gas separation membrane bioreactor
11.3 Modeling of membrane bioreactor
11.4 Computational fluid dynamics
11.4.1 Computational fluid dynamics modeling for membrane bioreactor applications
11.4.2 Techniques for modeling turbulence
11.4.2.1 Standard k-ε model
11.4.2.2 Renormalized group k-ε model
11.4.2.3 Realizable k-ε model
11.4.2.4 k-ω model
11.4.2.5 Shear-stress transport model
11.4.3 Techniques for modeling the interactions of water and air
11.4.4 Modeling of sludge rheology
11.4.5 Modeling the head loss caused by membrane module
11.5 Conclusions and future trends
List of abbreviations
Nomenclature
References
Index
Back Cover