Cover
Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes
List of contributors
Contents
Preface
1 Environmental air pollution: an anthropogenic or a natural issue?
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Most significant pollutants
1.2.1 Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
1.2.2 Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
1.2.3 Ammonia (NH3)
1.2.4 Volatile organic compounds
1.2.4.1 Carbon monoxide
1.2.4.2 Particulate matter
1.2.5 Ozone (O3) and photochemical pollution
1.3 The spatial scales of air pollution: emissions
1.4 Evolution of pollutants in the atmosphere
1.5 Air pollution and polar regions
1.5.1 Renitrification of polar atmosphere
1.5.2 Role of halogens and mercury
1.6 Conclusions
Acronyms
List of symbols
References
2 Environmental air pollution: near-source air pollution
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Near-source chemical and physical parameters
2.3 Thermal structure of the troposphere
2.4 Elevated emission sources
2.5 The use of radon in air pollution data interpretation
2.6 Atmospheric stability and secondary pollutants
2.7 Advances in air pollution monitoring
2.7.1 Saturation monitoring
2.7.2 Internet of Things and Information Communication Technologies for sensors
2.7.3 A modern monitoring network
2.8 Conclusions
List of acronyms
List of symbols
References
3 The environmental pollutionβs influence on public health: general principles and case studies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Air pollution
3.3 Water pollution
3.4 Noise pollution
3.5 Soil pollution
3.6 Other forms of pollution
3.7 Case studies
3.8 Conclusions and future trends
List of acronyms
References
4 Environmental monitoring and membrane technologies: a possible marriage?
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Membrane-based monitoring methods
4.2.1 Direct sampling and detection
4.2.2 Passive sampling and detection
4.3 Environmental applications
4.3.1 Water environment
4.3.2 Soil environment
4.3.3 Atmospheric environment
4.4 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgment
Acronyms
Symbols
References
5 Potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb), their provenance and removal from potable and wastewaters
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 General overview
5.1.2 Arsenic
5.1.3 Cadmium
5.1.4 Chromium
5.1.5 Mercury
5.1.6 Lead
5.2 Toxicity of As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb
5.2.1 Arsenic
5.2.2 Cadmium
5.2.3 Chromium
5.2.4 Mercury
5.2.5 Lead
5.2.6 Guidelines limit and health risk assessment approach of selected potentially toxic elements
5.2.6.1 Arsenic
5.2.6.2 Cadmium
5.2.6.3 Chromium
5.2.6.4 Mercury
5.2.6.5 Lead
5.3 Metal removal from water
5.3.1 Metal removal in municipal wastewater treatment works
5.3.2 Enhanced elemental removal processes
5.3.2.1 Electrocoagulation
5.3.2.2 Membranes
5.3.2.3 Biological treatment of contaminated waters
5.3.3 Case studies
5.3.3.1 Coagulation methods
5.3.3.2 Membranes
5.3.4 Effectiveness of current treatment works
5.4 Conclusions and future trends
List of acronyms
List of symbols
References
6 Some organic compounds in potable water: the PFASs, EDCs and PPCPs issue
6.1 Introduction
6.2 International directives on surface and drinking waters
6.3 Sources, environmental dynamics, and final fate
6.3.1 Pharmaceuticals
6.3.2 Personal care products
6.3.3 Alkylphenols and Bisphenol A
6.3.4 PAHs, PBDEs, PCBs, and PCDD/Fs
6.3.5 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
6.4 Environmental and ecosystem effects
6.5 Drinking water treatment plants
6.6 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgments
List of acronyms
References
7 Current nanocomposite membranes as a tool for organic compounds remediation in potable waters
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background of membrane technologies used in water remediation
7.3 Recent developments in novel nanocomposite membrane for organic compounds and pollutants removal from water
7.4 Conclusion and future trends
Acknowledgments
List of acronyms
References
Further reading
8 Membranes for air cleaning
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Membranes for air cleaning
8.3 Polymeric membrane preparation for air cleaning
8.3.1 Phase inversion
8.3.1.1 EIPS technique
8.3.1.2 NIPS technique
8.3.1.3 VIPS technique
8.3.1.4 TIPS technique
8.3.2 Electrospinning technique
8.3.3 Polymeric coating
8.4 Membrane materials for air cleaning
8.4.1 Polymeric and biopolymeric materials
8.4.2 Additives and advanced materials
8.5 Membrane technology applications in air cleaning
8.5.1 Air transport mechanism in membranes
8.5.2 Individual protection devices
8.5.3 Recovery of vapors of organic substances from the air
8.5.4 Air conditioners
8.6 Conclusions and future trends
List of acronyms
List of symbols
References
9 Antifouling membranes for polluted solvents treatment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Membrane technology for aqueous streams
9.2.1 Membrane fouling
9.2.2 Fouling classification
9.2.3 Fouling mechanisms and interpretation
9.2.4 Membrane cleaning strategies
9.2.4.1 Chemical cleaning methods and agents
9.2.4.2 Mechanical and physical methods
9.2.4.3 Cleaning with gas
9.2.4.4 Electrical or nonconventional methods
9.2.4.5 Biofilm removal and control
9.2.5 Antifouling membranes
9.2.5.1 Membrane design and manufacturing methods
9.2.5.1.1 Phase inversion membranes
9.2.5.1.2 Thin-film composite polyamide membranes
9.2.5.1.3 Designing highly selective membranes
9.2.5.2 Surface modification of membrane
9.2.5.3 Advanced antifouling strategies
9.2.5.3.1 Passive antifouling membranes
9.2.5.3.1.1 Fouling resistance strategies
9.2.5.3.1.2 Fouling release strategies
9.2.5.3.1.3 Active antifouling strategies
9.2.6 Bioadhesion (bioinspired adhesion chemistry)
9.2.6.1 Adhesion functionality
9.2.6.2 Reaction functionality of polydopamine
9.2.7 Other methods
9.2.7.1 New materials
9.2.7.1.1 New manufacturing and modification methods
9.2.7.1.2 Hybrid membranes
9.3 Membrane technology for organic solvent
9.3.1 Membrane materials
9.3.2 Principal problems
9.3.3 Fouling in membrane technology for organic solvents
9.4 Brief description of techniques for characterizing and understanding mechanisms membrane fouling
9.5 Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgments
List of acronyms
List of symbols
References
10 Membrane sensors for pollution problems
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Air pollution
10.2.1 Membrane-based gas sensors
10.2.2 Working principle of membrane-based gas sensor
10.2.3 Categories of membrane-based gas sensors
10.2.4 Recent breakthrough in membranes for air pollution sensing
10.3 Water pollution
10.3.1 Plastics
10.3.2 Microplastics removal from wastewater
10.3.3 Drinking water
10.3.4 Potential membranes for microplastic removal
10.3.5 Microplastic detection
10.4 Pathogens
10.4.1 Electrochemical methods
10.4.2 Optical methods
10.5 Conclusion and future trends
List of acronyms
List of symbols
References
Copyright
Index