Connecting the Internet of Things: IoT Connectivity Standards and Solutions

✍ Scribed by Anil Kumar, Jafer Hussain, Anthony Chun

• Publisher: Apress
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 403
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Navigating the fragmented IoT connectivity ecosystem of standards, protocols, and architectures can be a challenge. Not to mention scaling a solution to a viable product. This book guides you through this fractured landscape with real world examples and projects that can be leverage for an IoT product. 
Backed by an overview of IoT use cases and key connectivity elements of IoT solutions, you'll gain an understanding of the breadth of the IoT landscape and the fragmentation of connectivity standards and solutions and the challenge in navigating the many standards and technologies. You'll also be able to understand the essentials of connectivity including, hardware, software, and business models. 
​IoT is essential for increasing productivity of many industries and quality of life (making the world smart and autonomous). Both wired and wireless connectivity technologies are essential ingredients in an IoT product. Written by Intel engineers and architects, Connecting the Internet of Things understands that connectivity is a key topic of IoT and comprehensively covers the topic from a system engineering and practical perspective.

What You'll Learn

• Understand the trade offs between different wireless technologies and network topologies
  
• Use wireless technologies in IoT products
• Examine connectivity technologies and considerations on selecting it for the IoT use cases
• Assemble all of the components of a working solution 
• Scale your solution to a product
• Review emerging connectivity technologies for addressing new use cases
• Advance and optimize the performance of existing technologies

Who This Book Is For
Researchers, managers, strategists, technologists, makers, and students in the embedded and Internet of Things (IoT) space trying to understand and implement connectivity in the devices/platforms.

✦ Table of Contents

Table of Contents
About the Authors
Introduction
Chapter 1: IoT Connectivity Considerations
IoT at a Glance
Wired or Wireless?
Which Wireless Technology?
Considerations for Choosing Wireless Technologies for IoT
Spectrum
Range and Capacity
Network Topology
Quality of Service
Network Management
Security
Connectivity Standards
Summary
Problem Set
Chapter 2: Back to Wireless Basics
Chapter Overview
Introduction
The Ideal Wireless World vs. Reality
Challenges of Wireless Connectivity
Connectivity Basics
Wired Connectivity
Wireless Connectivity
What Is a Radio?
The Bigger Picture: Wireless Protocol Stack
OSI Model: Basis for Defining a Protocol
Why Is It Called the Internet of Things?
The Physical Layer: Wireless Challenges
Frequency Band Considerations
2.4GHz ISM Band
Just Enough Information Theory
Just Enough Communications Theory
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Bit Error Rate and Packet Error Rate
Radio Impairments
What Factors Determine How Far We Can Send Our Wireless Data?
RF Environment Examples
Attenuation due to Free Space Loss
Attenuation due to Absorption by the Atmosphere
Attenuation due to Obstacles
Noise
Internal Noise Sources
External Noise Sources
Characterizing Noise
Example: Digital Communications System with Noise
Interference
Co-Channel Interference
Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)
Jamming
Fading and Multipath
Techniques for Improving the Radio
Mitigating Noise
Mitigating Multipath
Interference Mitigation
Link Budget
Example: Bluetooth Link Calculation
BLE Transmission over an Open Field with Range of 50 Meters
Open Field with Distance of 1000 Meters Between TX and RX
How About Using LoRA?
Why Not Increase the Transmit Power?
Why Not Increase the Antenna Gain?
Antenna Example for a Use Case
What Factors Affect How Fast We Can Send Data?
Channel Capacity
Network Architecture Considerations
How Many Users/Devices Can I Connect to a Wireless Network?
Multiple Access Techniques
Selection of Network Architectures and Topologies
Point-to-Point
Mesh Network
Star Network
Duplexing
Data Link Layer
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Media Access Control (MAC)
Protocol and Network Complexity
Scheduling Transmissions
Wireless Standards
Fragmentation of Wireless Standards
Classification of standards
Wireless Standard Bodies
Chapter Summary
Key Terminology for Chapter 2
Key Constants
Chapter Problems
References for Chapter 2
Chapter 3: Wi-Fi
Chapter Overview
What Do We Mean by Wi-Fi?
Why Wi-Fi for IoT?
Wi-Fi IoT Use Cases
Wi-Fi Standards Bodies
Wi-Fi Generations
History of Wi-Fi: Aloha Network
Wi-Fi Standards of Interest
802.11bgn
802.11ac or Wi-Fi 5
802.11ax or Wi-Fi 6 (2019)
Wi-Fi 6E (2020)
Wi-Fi 6E Release 2 (2022)
Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be)
Impact of Wi-Fi 6 Chip Shortages in 2021–2022
Determining Which Wi-Fi Standards Are Supported by a Module
Wi-Fi System Architecture
Wi-Fi Stack
Wi-Fi Software Stack
Wi-Fi Module
Wi-Fi Driver
mac80211
cfg80211
nl80211
iw
wpa_supplicant
hostapd
Virtualization: Connecting Containers to Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Range
Wi-Fi Mesh
Wi-Fi Authentication
Wi-Fi Security
Best Effort Wi-Fi
Bandwidth Allocation
Quality of Service Improvements
Key Wi-Fi Features
Wi-Fi Roaming
How It Works
Soft Access Point or Wi-Fi Hot Spots
Enabling Soft AP
Applications of Soft AP for IoT
Wi-Fi Provisioning for IoT Devices
Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) Push Button Method
Access Point Mode
Wi-Fi Certified Easy Connect
Out of Band Methods
Proprietary Methods
Wi-Fi Direct
Applications
How It Works
Miracast
Location Using Wi-Fi: 802.11mc Fine Time Measurement
How Is It Done?
802.11p DSRC
Wi-Fi Sensing
Technology
Applications of Wi-Fi Sensing
Wi-Fi Reliability and Latency
Putting Together an IoT Solution with Wi-Fi
The Future of Wi-Fi
Summary
Problem Set
Chapter 4: Bluetooth
Introduction
Bluetooth Technology
Brief History
Bluetooth SIG
Bluetooth Markets
Bluetooth Applications
Bluetooth Classic
Bluetooth Low Energy (LE)
Comparison of Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth LE
Bluetooth Network Topologies
Point-to-Point
Broadcast
Mesh Networking
Mesh Security
Comparison of Bluetooth Topologies
Bluetooth LE Stack
Bluetooth LE PHY
Bluetooth 5.0
Bluetooth 5.1
Bluetooth 5.2
Bluetooth Profiles
Bluetooth Classic Profiles
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)
Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP)
Hands-Free Profile (HFP)
Headset Profile (HSP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Human Interface Device Protocol (HID)
Bluetooth Classic Protocols
Bluetooth LE Profiles
Example: Smart Home Sensor Use Case
Example: Retail Proximity Use Case
Example: Covid-19 Contact Tracing Use Case
Bluetooth Applications and Product Categories
Bluetooth Direction Finding
Proximity Detection vs. Direction Finding
Angle of Arrival (AoA)
Angle of Departure (AoD)
Real-Time Location Services (RTLS)
Angle of Arrival (AoA) vs. Angle of Departure (AoD)
Bluetooth Beacons
Bluetooth Security
Confidentiality
Authentication
Integrity
Authorization
Privacy
Security Attacks
Bluetooth LE Security
Security Levels and Modes
Security Manager
Bluetooth Pairing and Bonding
Pairing Methods
Bluetooth LE Legacy Pairing
Bluetooth LE Secure Connections
Summary of LE Secure Connections Pairing
Association Models
Difference Between LE Legacy Pairing and LE Secure Connections
Security Keys and Security Capabilities
Encrypted Connections
Device Authentication
Authentication of Data
Privacy and Device Tracking Protection
Attribute Permissions
The White List
Isochronous Channels
Security and Implementation Issues
Specification Compliance
Technical Quality Issues
Bluetooth Qualification
Bluetooth Qualification Process
Completing the Bluetooth Qualification Process
Qualification Process with No Required Testing
Qualification Process with Required Testing
Bluetooth Certification Labs
Bluetooth Solutions
Selection Criteria
Single Mode Bluetooth Solutions
Dual Mode Bluetooth Solutions
Multi-radio Solutions
Bluetooth Solution Vendors
Bluetooth Range
Improving Bluetooth LE Power Consumption
Getting Started with Bluetooth
Bluetooth Markets
Chapter Questions
References for Chapter 4
Chapter 5: Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN)
Chapter Overview
LPWAN Use Cases
LPWAN Systems in 2022
Open Standard or Proprietary
Spectrum Selection
Public or Private Network
System Design Tradeoffs
Ecosystem Viability
Key LPWAN System Parameters
LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN: History
LoRaWAN: Technical Summary
LoRaWAN: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments
LoRaWAN: Assessment
SigFox
Sigfox: History
Sigfox: Overview
Sigfox: Technical Summary
Sigfox: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments
Sigfox: Assessment
RPMA (Ingenu)
RPMA: History
RPMA: Technical Summary
RPMA: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments
RPMA: Assessment
NB-Fi
NB-Fi: History
NB-Fi: Technical Summary
NB-Fi: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments
NB-Fi: Assessment
NB-IoT
NB-IoT: History
NB-IoT: Technical Summary
NB-IoT: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments
NB-IoT: Assessment
LTE-M
LTE-M: History
LTE-M: Technical Summary
LTE-M: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments
LTE-M: Assessment
LPWAN Selection Process
Summary
Problem Set
Chapter 6: Building Your IoT Solution
Chapter Overview
Product Requirements
Designing Your Solution
Wireless Selection
Coexistence
Hardware Design
Antenna Selection and Placement
Operating System
Wireless Drivers
RF Tools
Application Software
Connecting to the Cloud
Prototyping
Validation
Quality and Reliability
Certification
Scaling Your Solution
Deployment of the Product
Customer Support
Case Studies
Case Study 1: Digital Signage at a Retail Store
Case Study 2: Forest Monitoring System for One Trillion Trees
Summary
Problem Set
Chapter 7: Conclusion
Chapter Overview
Recap
Future of IoT Connectivity
Next Steps
Index