Cover
Half Title
Conducting Polymers for Advanced Energy Applications
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Editor
Contributors
1. Introduction: Conductive Polymers from the Nobel Prize to Industrial Applications
1.1 The Beginnings
1.2 The Development of Conductive Polymers with Aromatic Main Chain
1.3 Conduction, Doping, and Processing
1.4 Copolymers, Blends, and Composites
1.5 Applications
1.6 Conclusion
References
List of Abbreviations
2. Materials and Chemistry of Conducting Polymers
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Chemistry of Conducting Polymers
2.3 CP-Based Materials and Their Applications in Brief
2.4 Conclusions and Current Trends
Acknowledgments
References.
3. Conducting Polymers for Supercapacitors
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
3.1.2 Polymers in Materials Science and Electrochemical Energy Technology
3.2 Possible Applications of Intrinsically Conducting Polymers
3.3 ICPs โ The Materials
3.3.1 Polyaniline
3.3.2 Polypyrrole
3.3.3 Polythiophene
3.3.4 Common Aspects
3.4 Active Mass
3.4.1 Shape Change
3.4.2 Peeling Off.
3.4.3 Overoxidation
3.5 Part in Composites
3.6 Precursors
3.7 Coatings
3.8 Binders
3.9 Outlook and Perspectives
3.10 Acknowledgments
References.
4. Supercapacitors Based on Nanocomposites of Conducting Polymers and Metal Oxides
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Charge Storage Mechanisms
4.2.1 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors
4.2.2 Redox Type Capacitors
4.2.2.1 Redox Behavior in Battery-Type Materials
4.2.2.2 Redox Behavior in Pseudocapacitive Materials
4.2.3 Hybrid Supercapacitors
4.3 Methods of Characterization of Supercapacitors
4.3.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
4.3.2 Charge-Discharge
4.3.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
4.4 Materials for Supercapacitors
4.4.1 Conducting Polymers
4.4.2 Metal Oxides
4.4.3 Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors
4.4.3.1 Polyaniline-Based Nanocomposites
4.4.3.2 Polypyrrole-Based Nanocomposites
4.4.3.3 Polythiophene-Based Nanocomposites
4.5 Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Nanocomposites
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Nanocomposites of Conducting Polymers and 2D Materials for Supercapacitors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Supercapacitor Classifications
5.2.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors
5.2.2 Pseudocapacitors
5.2.3 Hybrid Capacitors
5.3 Materials for Supercapacitor
5.3.1 Carbon Electrodes
5.3.1.1 Zero-Dimensional Carbon
5.3.1.2 One-Dimensional Carbon
5.3.1.3 Two-Dimensional Carbon
5.3.2 Conducting Polymer Electrodes
5.3.2.1 Polyaniline
5.3.2.2 Polypyrrole
5.3.2.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
5.3.3 Transition Metal Electrodes
5.3.3.1 Transition Metal Oxides
5.3.3.2 Transition Metal Carbonitrides
5.3.3.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
5.4 Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors
5.4.1 Conducting Polymerโ2D Carbon Composites
5.4.1.1 Polyaniline-Carbon Composites
5.4.1.2 Polypyrrole-Carbon Composites
5.4.1.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Carbon Composites
5.4.2 Conducting PolymerโTransition Metal Composites
5.4.2.1 Polyaniline-Transition Metal Composites
5.4.2.2 Polypyrrole-Transition Metal Composites
5.4.2.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Transition Metal Composites
5.5 Conclusions
References
6. Conducting Polymer-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Mechanism of Supercapacitors
6.2.1 Types of Supercapacitors
6.2.1.1 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors
6.2.1.2 Pseudocapacitors
6.2.1.3 Hybrid Supercapacitors
6.2.2 Charge Storage Mechanisms in Supercapacitors
6.2.2.1 Electrostatic Double-Layer Capacitance
6.2.2.2 Electrochemical Pseudocapacitance
6.3 Supercapacitor Devices and Testing
6.3.1 Types of Device
6.3.1.1 Coin Cells
6.3.1.2 Cylindrical Cell
6.3.1.3 Pouch Cell
6.3.1.4 Flexible Cells
6.3.2 Common Methods for Testing Supercapacitors
6.3.2.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
6.3.2.2 Galvanostatic ChargeโDischarge Test.
6.3.2.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
6.3.3 Supercapacitor Device Evaluation
6.3.3.1 Energy and Power Densities
6.3.3.2 Cyclic Stability
6.4 Flexible Supercapacitors from Conducting Polymers
6.4.1 Polyaniline-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
6.4.2 Polypyrrole-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
6.4.3 Polythiophene and Its Derivatives for Flexible Supercapacitors
6.5 Conclusion
References
7. Nanofibers of Conducting Polymers for Energy Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Preparation of Nanofibers of Conducting Polymers
7.2.1 Template-Assisted Approach for the Preparation of Nanofibers of Conducting Polymers
7.2.2 Template-Free Approaches for the Development of Nanofibers of Conducting Polymers
7.2.2.1 Interfacial Approach
7.2.2.2 Seeding Approach
7.2.2.3 Electrospinning Approach
7.2.2.4 Radiolysis
7.2.2.5 Electrochemical Nanowire Assembly
7.2.2.6 Soft Lithography
7.3 Characterizations of Nanofibers of Conducting Polymers
7.3.1 SEM and TEM Analysis
7.3.2 FTIR Analysis
7.3.3 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis
7.3.4 Electrochemical Characterization
7.3.5 UVโVisi
7.4 Energy Applications of Conducting Polymer Nanofibers
7.4.1 Supercapacitors
7.4.2 Solar Cells
7.4.3 Batteries
7.4.4 Miscellaneous Energy Applications of Nanofibers of Conducting Polymers
7.5 Conclusions
References
8. Conducting Polymers for Organic Solar Cell Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basics of Conducting Polymer
8.3 Polymers for Different Kind of Solar Cells
8.4 Polymer-Based Organic Solar Cell
8.5 Summary
References
9. Hybrid Conducting Polymers for High-Performance Solar Cells
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Polymers in Solar Cells
9.3 Hybrid Conducting Polymers in Solar Cells
9.4 Polymers as Hole Transport Layers
9.5 Polymers as Electron Transport Layers
9.6 Polymers as Counter Electrodes
9.7 Polymers as an Interlayer
9.8 Polymers as Electrolytes
9.9 Conclusion
References
10. Nanocomposites Based on Conducting Polymers and Metal Sulfides for Solar Cell Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Description of Solar Cells
10.2.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Cell
10.2.2 Organic Solar Cells
10.3 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite Applications
10.3.1 Graphene and Its Derivatives โ Synthesis and Properties
10.3.1.1 Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites in Solar Cells
10.3.2 Conducting Polymer-Metal Sulfide Nanocomposites
10.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References.
11. Thin Films of Conducting Polymers for Photovoltaics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Unique Properties and Classification of Conducting Polymers
11.3 The Conduction Mechanism in CP
11.3.1 The Electronic Structure of CP
11.3.2 Doping in CP
11.4 Methods for Synthesis of CP
11.5 Role of CP in Photovoltaics
11.5.1 Types of CP-Based OPV Solar Cell Devices
11.5.2 Principle of CP Solar Cells
11.5.3 Characterization Parameters for CP-Based OPV Devices
11.5.4 Recent Developments of CPs in OPV Applications
11.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Acknowledgments
References
List of Abbreviations
12. Application of 2D Materials in Conducting Polymers for High Capacity Batteries
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Types of Energy Storage Devices
12.1.1.1 Capacitors
12.1.1.2 Supercapacitors
12.1.1.3 Batteries
12.2 Importance of Batteries
12.3 Characteristics and Types of Batteries
12.3.1 Characteristics of Batteries
12.3.1.1 Anode and Cathode
12.3.1.2 Theoretical Voltage
12.3.1.3 Theoretical and Specific Capacity
12.3.1.4 Theoretical and Specific Energy
12.3.1.5 Coulombic Efficiency, C-Rate, and Current Density
12.3.2 Types of Batteries
12.3.2.1 Cells Based on Different Materials
12.3.2.2 Cells Based on Housing
12.4 Electrochemical Methods for Battery Testing.
12.5 Materials for Batteries
12.5.1 Conducting Polymers
12.5.2 Graphene and Composites
12.5.3 MoS2/Polymer Composites
12.5.4 h-BN and Its Composites
12.5.5 Metal-Organic Framework-Based Composites
12.5.6 Electrolytes
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Conducting Polymers in Batteries
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Conducting Polymers
13.3 Why Do Some Polymers Conduct?
13.4 Applications of Conducting Polymers
13.5 Batteries
13.6 Electrochemistry of Batteries
13.7 Types of Batteries
13.8 Primary Batteries/Cells
13.9 Structure of Primary Batteries
13.10 Rechargeable Batteries/Secondary Batteries
13.11 Polymers as Electrolytes
13.12 Polymers as Electrode Materials
13.13 Conducting Polymer Electrode
13.14 Doped Polymers as Electrodes.
13.15 Mixed Polymers as Electrodes for Batteries
13.16 Conducting Polymer/Carbon-Based Material as Electrodes
13.17 Conducting Polymer/Metal Oxide Composites for Electrodes in Batteries
13.18 Hybrid Biopolymer Electrodes
13.19 Conducting Polymers as Binder for Batteries
13.20 Conducting Polymers as Separator in Battery
13.21 Properties and Characterization of Polymeric Battery Materials
13.22 Properties of Polymeric Battery Materials
13.23 Characterization of Polymeric Battery Materials
13.24 Electrochemical Methods
13.24.1 Voltammetric Methods
13.24.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
13.25 Spectroscopic and Spectro-Electrochemical Methods
13.26 Other Advanced Techniques
13.27 Device Characterization Methods
13.27.1 Charging/Discharging Characteristics
13.27.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
13.27.3 Spectroscopic Methods
13.28 Conclusions
References
14. The Role of Chalcogenide in Conducting Polymers for Enhanced Battery Performance
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
14.3 Li-S Batteries
14.4 Applications of Conducting Polymers in Battery
14.5 Strategies to Fabricate CP/Chalcogenide Nanocomposites
14.5.1 In Situ Synthesis
14.5.2 Ex Situ Synthesis
14.5.2.1 Solution Mixing Method
14.5.2.2 Electrophoretic Deposition
14.5.3 One Pot Synthesis
14.6 Applications of Conducting Polymer/Metal Chalcogenides in Battery Performance
14.7 Computational Studies of Chalcogenides/Conducting Polymers as Energy Materials
14.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
List of Abbreviations
15. Conducting Polymers for Flexible Devices
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Conventional Conductive Polymers
15.3 Optoelectronic Devices
15.4 Conductive Polymers in Energy Storage
15.5 Fuel Cell
15.6 Solar Cell
15.7 Medical Applications
15.8 Sensor and Actuator
15.9 EES
15.10 Summary and Outlook
References
List of Abbreviations
16. Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Flexible Devices
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Preparation of Nanocomposites of Conductive Polymer
16.2.1 Electrochemical Methods
16.2.2 Chemical Method
16.2.2.1 Synthesis in Solution: Powders
16.2.2.2 โLayer by Layerโ Deposition Method
16.2.2.3 Vapor Phase Synthesis
16.3 Application of NCPs for Flexible Devices in the Energy Sector
16.3.1 Plastic Support
16.3.2 Paper and Textile Carbon Material Support
16.3.3 Flexible Free-Standing Electrode
16.4 Market Potential of NCPs for Flexible Device
16.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
List of Abbreviations
17. Conducting Polymers for Electrocatalysts
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
17.1.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
17.1.3 Oxygen Evolution Reaction
17.2 Role of An Electrocatalyst
17.3 Prerequisites of an Electrocatalyst
17.4 Material and Synthesis of CP-Based Electrocatalyst
17.5 Performance Evaluation of CP-Based Electrocatalysts
17.5.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
17.5.2 Electrochemical Active Surface Area
17.5.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
17.5.4 Linear Sweep Voltammetry
17.5.5 Tafel Analysis
17.5.6 Overpotential (ฮท)
17.5.7 Turnover Frequency
17.5.8 Chronoamperometry or Chronopotentiometry
17.6 Application of CP-Based Electrocatalysts
17.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
18. Conducting Polymer-Based Microbial Fuel Cells
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Conducting Polymer-Based Microbial Fuel Cells
18.3 Application of Conducting Polymer-Based Microbial Fuel Cells
18.4 Conclusion and Future Recommendation
Acknowledgments.
References
19. Conducting Polymers as Membrane for Fuel Cells
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Factors Affecting the Performance of a DMFC
19.3 Recent Advances in the Use of CPs as PEM Materials
19.3.1 PANI-Based Membranes
19.3.2 PPy-Based Materials
19.3.3 Other Conducting Polymers
19.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
20. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(zwitterionic) Structures for Energy Conversion and Storage
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Intermolecular Interactions and Physiochemical Properties of Zwitterions
20.2.1 Antifouling Property and Hydration Structure of Zwitterions
20.2.2 Antipolyelectrolyte Effect and Sensitivity to Salts
20.3 Overview of PZ and ZI Structures and Synthetic Approaches
20.3.1 PZ Architectures
20.3.2 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
20.3.3 Photopolymerization
20.3.4 Recent Trends in the Synthesis of ZI and PZ
20.4 Applications of Zwitterions in the Fields of Energy Storage and Energy Conversion
20.4.1 Supercapacitors
20.4.2 Rechargeable Batteries
20.4.3 Solar Cells
20.4.3.1 Small Molecule Zwitterions for OSCs
20.4.3.2 Polyzwitterions for OSC
20.4.3.3 Zwitterion Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
20.4.4 ZI and PZ for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes
20.5 Conclusions
References
21. High Performance Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for EMI Shielding Applications
21.1 Introduction
21.2 EMI Shielding Effectiveness
21.2.1 EMI Shielding Mechanisms
21.2.1.1 Shielding by Reflection
21.2.1.2 Shielding by Absorption
21.2.1.3 Shielding by Multiple Internal Reflections
21.3 EMI Shielding Measurement Techniques
21.3.1 Waveguide Method
21.3.2 Coaxial Line Method
21.3.3 Free Space Method
21.4 Poly(aniline) (PANI)-Based EMI Shielding Materials
21.5 Poly(pyrrole) (PPy)-Based EMI Shielding Materials
21.6 Poly(thiophene) (PTh)-Based EMI Shielding Materials
21.7 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-Based EMI Shielding Materials
21.8 MXene/ICP Hybrids for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption
21.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
22. Challenges and Future Lookout of Conductive Polymers
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Conductive Polymersโ Major Applications
22.2.1 Energy
22.2.1.1 Energy Harvesting Devices
22.2.1.2 Energy Storage Devices
22.2.2 Biomedical Applications
22.2.3 Detection Devices
22.2.3.1 Sensors
22.2.3.2 Biosensors
22.2.3.3 Actuators
22.2.4 Environmental Remediation
22.3 Progress in Advanced Applications
22.4 StructureโProperties Correlation
22.5 Challenges and Future Lookout
22.6 Conclusion
References
Index