Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Applications

✍ Scribed by Manjubaashini Nandhakumar, T. Daniel Thangadurai, Sabu Thomas, Ange Nzihou

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 268
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Applications

Explore the science of polymer nanocomposites and their practical use in energy applications

In Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive review of the synthesis and characterization of polymer nanocomposites, as well as their applications in the field of energy. Succinct and insightful, the book explores the storage of electrical, magnetic, and thermal energy and hydrogen. It also discusses energy generation by polymer-based solar cells. Finally, the authors present a life cycle analysis of polymer nanocomposites for energy applications and provide four real-world case studies where these materials have been successfully used.

Readers will also find:

• Thorough introductions to the origins and synthesis of polymer materials
• In-depth discussions of the characterization of polymeric materials, including UV-visible spectroscopy
• Comprehensive explorations of a wide variety of polymer material applications, including in biotechnology and for soil remediation
• Fulsome presentations of polymer nanocomposites and their use in energy storage systems

Perfect for materials and engineering scientists and polymer chemists, Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in the chemical industry.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Applications
Copyright
Contents
1. Origin of Polymer Materials
1.1 History of Polymers
1.1.1 Examples of Polymers
1.2 Types of Polymers
1.2.1 Based on Applications
1.2.2 Classification Based on Temperature Effect
1.2.2.1 Thermosetting Polymers
1.2.2.2 Thermoplastic Polymers
1.3 Properties of Polymers
1.3.1 Molecular Weight
1.3.2 Structural Aspects
1.3.3 Copolymers in Sequence
1.3.4 Crystallinity of Polymers
1.3.4.1 Solid‐State Crystallinity
1.3.4.2 Factors Favoring Crystallinity
1.3.5 Morphology of the Polymeric Crystals
1.3.5.1 Solid‐State Thermal Transitions
1.3.6 Mechanical Behavior
1.3.7 Polymer Rheology and Processing
1.3.7.1 Polymer Processing Techniques
1.3.7.2 Rheology of Nanocomposites
1.3.7.3 Theory and Modeling of Nanocomposites Rheology
1.3.8 Polymer Viscoelasticity
1.4 Physicochemical Properties of Polymers
1.4.1 Polymers are Very Resistant to Chemicals
1.4.2 Polymers are Both Thermal and Electrical Insulators
1.4.3 Polymers are Very Light in Weight with Significant Degrees of Strength
1.4.4 Polymers are Processed in Various Ways
1.4.5 Polymers are Materials With a Seemingly Limitless Range of Characteristics and Colors
1.4.6 Polymers are Usually Made of Petroleum, but not Always
1.4.7 Polymers are Used to Make Items That Have no Alternatives to Other Materials
References
2. Synthesis of Polymers
2.1 Features of the Polymerization Reactions
2.2 Chain Polymerization
2.3 Ring‐Opening Polymerization
2.4 Polycondensation
2.5 Polyaddition
2.6 Step‐Growth Polymerization
2.7 Dendrimers
2.8 Anionic Polymerization
2.9 Cationic Polymerization
2.10 Controlled Radical Polymerization
2.11 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)
2.12 Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT)
2.13 Supramolecular Polymerization
2.14 Bulk Polymerization
2.15 Solution Polymerization
2.16 Suspension Polymerization
2.17 Methods for the Synthesis of Functional Polymers
2.17.1 Direct Copolymerization
2.17.2 End‐Functionalization
2.17.3 Functionalization‐Grafting
2.17.4 Click Chemistry in Polymerization
2.18 Polymer Nanoparticles
2.19 Synthesis Techniques of Polymer Nanoparticle
2.19.1 Solvent Evaporation
2.19.2 Salting‐Out
2.19.3 Nanoprecipitation
2.19.4 Dialysis
2.19.5 Supercritical Fluid Technology
2.19.6 Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution (RESS)
2.19.7 Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution into a Liquid Solvent (RESOLV)
2.19.8 Polymerization of Monomers
2.19.9 Emulsion Polymerization
2.19.10 Conventional Emulsion Polymerization
2.19.11 Surfactant‐Free Emulsion Polymerization
2.19.12 Mini‐Emulsion Polymerization
2.19.13 Micro‐Emulsion Polymerization
2.19.14 Interfacial Polymerization
References
3. Characterization of Polymer Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 UV–Visible Spectroscopy
3.3 Elemental Analysis
3.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
3.5 Qualitative Analysis of Polymers
3.6 Spectral Analysis for Polyethylene and Polystyrene
3.7 Determination of Molecular Weight and Thermodynamic Properties
3.8 Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC) Analysis
3.9 Thermogravimetric Assays (TGAs)
3.10 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
3.11 High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
3.12 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
3.13 Raman Spectroscopy
3.13.1 Polyethylene Density
3.13.2 Polybutadiene Microstructure
3.14 Mechanical Testing and Rheometry
3.15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
3.16 X‐ray Diffraction
3.17 Molar Mass and Molar Mass Distribution
3.18 Osmometry
3.19 Mass Spectrometry
3.20 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.21 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.22 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
3.23 Optical Microscopy (OM)
References
4. Diverse Applications of Polymer Materials
4.1 Board Area of Polymer Applications
4.2 Polymers in Biotechnology
4.3 Polymer Dielectrics for Electronics
4.3.1 Luminescent Layers in Light‐Emitting Diodes
4.4 Smart and Self‐healing Coatings
4.5 Polymeric Biocides and Herbicides
4.6 Polymers for Soil Remediation
4.7 Benefits of Polymers in Fabric and Home Care Formulations
4.8 Polymeric Materials for Photonics
4.9 Polymers for Electrophotography
4.10 Polymers in Energy Applications
4.11 Polymers in Construction Applications
4.12 Polymers in Automobile Applications
References
5. Introduction to Nanomaterials
5.1 Nanotechnology
5.2 Nanomaterials
5.3 Types of Nanomaterials
5.3.1 Quantum Dots
5.3.2 Organic Materials
5.3.3 Metal Oxides
5.3.4 Carbon Nanotubes
5.3.5 Polymeric Nanomaterials
5.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
5.4.1 Coprecipitation
5.4.2 Hydrothermal Technique
5.4.3 Inert Gas Condensation
5.4.4 Sonochemical
5.4.5 Microemulsion
5.4.6 Microwave‐Assisted
5.4.7 Laser Ablation
5.4.8 Sol–Gel
5.4.9 Spark Discharge
5.4.10 Template Synthesis
5.4.11 Biological Synthesis
5.5 Applications of Nanotechnology
5.5.1 Nanotechnology in Energy Sector
5.5.2 Nanotechnology in Textile
5.5.3 Nanotechnology in Agriculture
5.5.4 Nanotechnology in Electronics
5.5.5 Nanotechnology in Cosmetics
5.5.6 Nanotechnology in Medical Field
References
6. Introduction to Polymer Nanocomposites
6.1 Classes of Nanocomposites
6.2 Different Types of Nanocomposites
6.2.1 Polymer‐Based and Non‐Polymer‐Based Nanocomposites
6.2.1.1 Polymer/Ceramic Nanocomposite
6.2.1.2 Inorganic/Organic Polymer Nanocomposites
6.2.1.3 Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Nanocomposite
6.2.1.4 Polymer/Layered Silicate (PLS) Nanocomposites
6.2.1.5 Polymer/Polymer Nanocomposites
6.2.1.6 Biocomposites
6.2.1.7 Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites
6.2.1.8 Metal Matrix Nanocomposites
6.2.1.9 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites
6.3 Synthesis Methods of Nanocomposite
6.3.1 Solution Casting Method
6.3.2 Melt Blending Method
6.3.3 In situ Polymerization Method
6.3.4 Exfoliation Adsorption Method
6.3.5 Template Synthesis Method
6.4 Characterization Techniques for Nanocomposite
6.5 Applications of Nanocomposite Materials
6.5.1 Automotive Industry
6.5.2 Packaging Industry
6.5.3 Catalysis
6.5.4 Solid Polymer Electrolyte
6.5.5 Water Treatment Applications
6.5.6 Aircrafts
6.5.7 Electronics
6.5.8 Environmental Protection
References
7. Polymer Nanocomposites in Energy Storage System
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Batteries
7.3 Thermal
7.4 Mechanical Storage
7.5 Hydrogen
7.6 Pumped Hydropower
7.7 Flywheels
7.8 Role of Polymer Nanocomposites in Energy Storage Applications
7.9 Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites
7.9.1 Physical Properties
7.9.2 Rheological Properties
7.9.3 Mechanical Properties
7.9.4 Thermal Properties
7.9.5 Barrier and Chemical Resistance
7.9.6 Flame Retardancy
7.9.7 Optical Properties
7.9.8 Electrical Properties
7.9.9 Dielectric Properties
7.9.10 Biological Properties
References
8. Polymer Nanocomposites for Renewable Energy Storage System
8.1 Renewable Energy
8.2 Renewable Energy Storage
8.3 Polymers for Energy Storage
8.4 Carbon‐Based Storage Materials
8.5 Energy Storage Capability of Polymer Nanocomposites
References
9. High‐Performance Inorganic Polymer Nanocomposites‐Based Solar Cells
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Organic–Organic Composites
9.3 Inorganic Nanocomposites
9.4 Nanocomposites in Perovskite Solar Cells
9.5 Polymeric Nanocomposites in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
References
10. Polymer Nanocomposites for Magnetic Energy and Thermal Energy Storage
10.1 Background of Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage
10.2 Energy Density
10.3 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
10.4 Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
10.4.1 Sensible Heat Storage (SH‐TES)
10.4.2 Latent Heat Storage (LH‐TES)
10.4.3 Thermochemical Heat Storage (TH‐TES)
10.5 Thermoplastic Composites for TES
References
11. Polymer Nanocomposites for Triboelectricity and Hydrogen Storage
11.1 Polymer Nanocomposites for Triboelectricity
11.1.1 Energy Harvesting Application
11.2 Polymer Nanocomposites for Hydrogen Storage
11.3 Hydrogen‐Based Energy Storage System
11.3.1 Liquid Hydrogen Storage
11.3.2 Compressed and Stored in a Pressure Tank
11.3.3 Physical Adsorption in Carbon
11.3.4 Complex Compounds‐Microsphere Hydrogen Storage
11.3.5 Metal Hydrides
References
12. Polymer Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors and Battery Application
12.1 Battery‐Based Energy Storage System
12.2 Types of Battery
12.2.1 Lead‐Acid Battery
12.2.2 Nickel‐Based Battery
12.2.3 Sodium–Sulfur Battery (NaS)
12.2.4 Lithium‐Based Battery
12.2.5 Flow Battery Energy Storage (FBES)
12.3 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites
12.4 Fuel Cells
12.5 Capacitor and Supercapacitor Energy Storage
References
13. Electrochemical Energy Storage System
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Need for Energy Storage System
13.2.1 Energy Reality and Increasing Renewable Penetration
References
14. Electrical Energy Storage System
14.1 Introduction
References
15. Real‐Time Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Polymer–Graphene/Carbon Nanotube
References
16. Modeling and Simulation Techniques
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Modeling and Simulation of Polymer Nanocomposites
16.2.1 Nanocomposite thermodynamics
16.2.2 Atomistic MD Simulation of Graphene‐Based PMMA Nanocomposites
16.3 Systems Simulated and Simulation Strategy
16.4 Interface and Interfacial Polarization
16.5 Simulation Techniques Based on Hydrogen Storage
16.6 Finite Element Modeling of a Composite Hydrogen Storagevessel
References
17. Life Cycle Analysis of Polymer Nanocomposites for Energy Storage
17.1 Scope of a Life Cycle Analysis
17.2 Techno‐Economic Evaluations of Energy Storage Systems
17.3 Energy and Power Density
17.4 Self‐Discharge
17.5 Response Time
17.6 Cost and Economies of Scale
17.7 Lifetime
17.8 Storage Capacity
17.9 Monitoring and Control Equipment
17.10 Efficiency
17.11 Operating Constraints
References
18. Future Research and Case Study on Energy Storage System
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Case Study 1: Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSH) in France
18.3 Case Study 2: Battery Storage
18.4 Case Study 3: Solar PV Storage and Energy Shift
18.5 Case Study 4: Solar and Battery Storage for Customers and Ancillary Services
References
Index