Colloid Science: Principles, Methods and Applications

✍ Scribed by Terence Cosgrove

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2005
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 302
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Colloidal systems are important across a range of industries, such as the food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, cosmetics, polymer, paint and oil industries, and form the basis of a wide range of products (eg cosmetics & toiletries, processed foodstuffs and photographic film). A detailed understanding of their formation, control and application is required in those industries, yet many new graduate or postgraduate chemists or chemical engineers have little or no direct experience of colloids.This book is based on lectures given at the highly successful Bristol Colloid Centre Spring School, designed to provide a thorough introduction to colloid science for industrial chemists, technologists and engineers. The course has attracted a wide range of industrialists from major companies with over 1000 delegates attending in all. This book brings together the BCC Spring School lectures and presents them in a coherent and logical text on practical colloid science. The authors are well known internationally in their respective fields and the book will be uniquely focussed on providing the reader with a detailed understanding of the practical application of colloid science.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Matter......Page 1
Contributors......Page 3
Introduction......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
1.1 Introduction......Page 15
1.2.1 Polydispersity......Page 17
1.2.2 Particle Concentration......Page 18
1.3 Interfacial Structure......Page 19
1.4.1 Comminution......Page 20
1.4.2 Nucleation and Growth......Page 22
1.5 Properties of Dilute Dispersions......Page 23
1.6 Properties of Concentrated Dispersions......Page 25
1.7 Control of Colloid Stability......Page 26
General Textbooks in Colloid and Surface Science......Page 27
2.2 The Origin of Surface Charge......Page 28
2.2.2 Ion Adsorption......Page 29
2.3 The Distribution of Inertions at a Charged Interface......Page 30
2.3.1 The Mercury/Electrolyte Interface......Page 31
2.3.2 The Helmholtz Model......Page 33
2.3.3 Gouy-Chapman Theory......Page 36
2.3.4 The Stern Modification......Page 39
2.3.6 Inter-Particle Forces......Page 42
2.4 Electrokinetic Properties......Page 43
2.4.2 Streaming Potential Measurements......Page 44
2.4.3 Electro-Osmosis......Page 45
2.4.4 Electrophoresis......Page 46
References......Page 49
3.2 The Colloidal Pair Potential......Page 50
3.2.1 Attractive Forces......Page 51
3.2.2 Electrostatic Repulsion......Page 52
3.2.4 Total Potential......Page 54
3.3.1 Salt Concentration......Page 56
3.3.2 Counter-Ion Valency......Page 57
3.3.3 ?-Potential......Page 58
3.3.4 Particle Size......Page 59
3.4.1 Diffusion Limited Rapid Coagulation......Page 60
3.4.2 Interaction Limited Coagulation......Page 61
3.4.3 Experimental Determination of the ccc......Page 62
References......Page 63
4.1 Characteristic Features of Surfactants......Page 64
4.2.1 Types of Surfactants......Page 65
4.2.2 Surfactant Uses and Development......Page 67
4.3.1 Surface Tension and Surface Activity......Page 69
4.3.2 Surface Excess and Thermodynamics of Adsorption......Page 70
4.3.3 Efficiency and Effectiveness of Surfactant Adsorption......Page 74
4.4.1 The Krafft Temperature......Page 76
4.5.1 Thermodynamics of Micellisation......Page 77
4.5.2 Factors Affecting the CMC......Page 81
4.5.3 Structure of Micelles and Molecular Packing......Page 82
4.6.1 Definition......Page 84
4.6.2 Structures......Page 86
4.6.3 Phase Diagrams......Page 87
References......Page 88
5.1 Microemulsions: Definition and History......Page 91
5.2.1 Interfacial Tension in Microemulsions......Page 92
5.2.2 Kinetic in Stability......Page 93
5.3.1 Predicting Microemulsion Type......Page 95
5.3.2 Surfactant Film Properties......Page 99
5.3.3 Microemulsion Phase Behaviour......Page 104
References......Page 110
6.2 Polymerisation......Page 112
6.2.3 Ionic Methods......Page 113
6.4 Polymer Physical Properties......Page 114
6.6 Theoretical Models of Polymer Structure......Page 116
6.6.1 Radius of Gyration......Page 117
6.6.4 Excluded Volume......Page 118
6.6.5 Scaling Theory: Blobs......Page 119
6.7 Measuring Polymer Molecular Weight......Page 120
6.8 Polymer Solutions......Page 122
References......Page 126
7.1.1 Steric Stability......Page 127
7.1.2 The Size and Shape of Polymers in Solution......Page 128
7.1.3 Adsorption of Small Molecules......Page 130
7.2.2 The Flory Surface Parameter ?S......Page 131
7.3.1 Atomistic Modelling......Page 132
7.3.2 Exact Enumeration: Terminally Attached Chains......Page 133
7.3.3 Approximate Methods: Terminally Attached Chains......Page 135
7.3.4 Scaling Models for Terminally Attached Chains......Page 136
7.3.5 Physically Adsorbed Chains: Scheutjens and Fleer Theory......Page 137
7.3.6 Scaling Theory for Physical Adsorption......Page 140
7.4.2 Adsorption Isotherms......Page 142
7.4.3 The Bound Fraction......Page 145
7.4.4 The Layer Thickness......Page 147
7.5 Copolymers......Page 150
7.5.1 Liquid/Liquid Interfaces......Page 153
7.6 Polymer Brushes......Page 154
7.7 Conclusions......Page 155
References......Page 156
8.1.2 Limitations of Charge Stabilisation......Page 157
8.2.1 Measuring Surface Forces......Page 158
8.3.1 Theory......Page 159
8.3.2 Steric Stabiliser Design......Page 162
8.3.3 Marginal Solvents......Page 163
8.4 Depletion Interactions......Page 165
8.5 Bridging Interactions......Page 169
References......Page 171
9.2 Surfaces and Definitions......Page 173
9.3 Surface Tension......Page 174
9.5 Contact Angles......Page 175
9.6 Wetting......Page 176
9.7 Liquid Spreading and Spreading Coefficients......Page 178
9.8 Cohesion and Adhesion......Page 179
9.9 Two Liquids on a Surface......Page 180
9.10 Detergency......Page 182
9.11 Spreading of a Liquid on a Liquid......Page 184
9.13 Polar and Dispersive Components......Page 186
9.14 Polar Materials......Page 187
9.15 Wettability Envelopes......Page 188
9.16 Measurement Methods......Page 190
References......Page 192
10.1 Introduction......Page 194
10.2 Generating and Sampling Aerosol......Page 198
10.2.1 Generating Aerosol......Page 199
10.2.2 Sampling Aerosol......Page 200
10.3 Determining Particle Concentration and Size......Page 202
10.3.2 Determining Mass Concentration......Page 203
10.3.3 Determining Particle Size......Page 204
10.4.1 Sampling and Off-Line Analysis......Page 209
10.4.2 Real-Time Analysis......Page 210
10.4.3 Single Particle Analysis......Page 211
10.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 213
References......Page 214
11.2.1 Definitions......Page 215
11.2.2 Designing an Experiment......Page 217
11.2.3 Geometries......Page 220
11.2.4 Viscometry......Page 221
11.2.5 Shear Thinning and Thickening Behaviour......Page 224
11.3.2 Oscillation and Linearity......Page 226
11.3.4 Liquid and Solid Behaviour......Page 228
11.3.5 Sedimentation and Storage Stability......Page 230
11.4 Examples of Soft Materials......Page 233
11.4.1 Simple Particles and Polymers......Page 234
11.4.2 Networks and Functionalisation......Page 235
11.4.3 Polymeric Additives......Page 237
11.4.4 Particle Additives......Page 239
References......Page 241
12.1 Introduction......Page 242
12.2 The Principle of a Scattering Experiment......Page 243
12.3 Radiation for Scattering Experiments......Page 244
12.4 Light Scattering......Page 245
12.5 Dynamic Light Scattering......Page 247
12.6 Small Angle Scattering......Page 248
12.8 Small Angle Scattering Apparatus......Page 249
12.10 Scattering Length Density......Page 251
12.11 Small Angle Scattering from a Dispersion......Page 253
12.13 Determining Particle Size from SANS and SAXS......Page 254
12.14 Guinier Plots to Determine Radius of Gyration......Page 255
12.17 Determination of Particle Size Distribution......Page 256
12.18 Alignment of Anisotropic Particles......Page 258
12.19 Concentrated Dispersions......Page 259
12.20 Contrast Variation Using SANS......Page 260
12.21 High Q Limit: Porod Law......Page 261
12.23 Reflection Experiment......Page 264
12.24 A Simple Example of a Reflection Measurement......Page 265
12.25 Conclusion......Page 266
References......Page 267
13.2 Manipulating Matter with Light......Page 269
13.3 Force Generation in Optical Tweezers......Page 272
13.4 Nanofabrication......Page 274
13.5.1 Measuring Nanometre Displacements......Page 275
13.5.2 Brownian Fluctuations in an Optical Trap......Page 276
13.5.3 Dynamical Complexity in Colloidal Gels......Page 277
References......Page 279
14.1 General Features of (Electron) Optical Imaging Systems......Page 280
14.2.2 Practical Aspects......Page 282
14.2.3 Polymer Latex Particles......Page 283
14.2.4 Core/Shell Particles......Page 284
14.2.5 Internal Structure......Page 286
14.3.3 Practical Aspects......Page 289
14.4 Summary......Page 295
References......Page 296
C......Page 297
F......Page 298
L......Page 299
P......Page 300
S......Page 301
Z......Page 302